The purpose of the study was to derive an optimal defense position for goalkeepers through calculating ideal defense area and actual defense area when blocking forward jump shots from 9 m distance. A total of 9 men’s handball matches were captured with 4 digital video cameras from the 94th Korea National Sports Festival with consent from the Korea Handball Federation. Video clips with 78 forwar...

In well-controlled lab situations, marginal displacements of the goalkeeper on the goal line affect goal side selection of penalty takers implicitly, that is, without the penalty takers being consciously aware of the displacement. Whether this effect is retained in more representative real-life situations with competing goalkeepers and penalty takers has not been verified. In the current study,...

Sports provide powerful demonstrations of cognitive strategies underlying competitive behavior. Penalty shootouts in football (soccer) involve direct competition between elite players and absorb the attention of millions. The penalty shootout between Germany and England in the 1990 World Cup semifinal was viewed by an estimated 46.49% of the UK population. In a penalty shootout, a goalkeeper mu...

This study examined the proposition that competing against red-clad opponents hinders the performance of soccer (football) athletes. 40 experienced players took 10 penalty kicks against a goalkeeper wearing a black jersey and, 1 week later, took 10 penalty kicks against a goalkeeper wearing either a red, green, blue, or yellow jersey. Prior to each set of kicks, participants reported their expe...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the goalkeeper’s area defense and how range varies depending on relative position goal, goalkeeper, ball in a 9-meter jump shot during handball matches.METHODS Data was collected from seven qualifying divisions mens 99th National Sports Festival Korea. A total 231, shots were analyzed with goalkeeper‘s measured point left shooter’s hand calculated...

Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria transmitted almost exclusively vertically through eggs. In response to this mode of transmission, Wolbachia strategically manipulate their insect hosts' reproduction. In the most common manipulation type, cytoplasmic incompatibility, infected males can only mate with infected females, but infected females can mate with all males. The mechanism of cytoplasmic...

This paper describes our approach on evolving a robot controller to generate a set of goalkeeper behaviours in the Simulation League of the RoboCup competition. The goalkeeper agent is a software construct that performs in a simulated environment provided by the Soccer Server. The soccer server is a noisy environment provided as a testing ground for various artificial intelligence techniques us...

INTRODUCTION When taking a soccer penalty kick, there are two distinct kicking techniques that can be adopted; a 'power' penalty or a 'placement' penalty. The current study investigated how the type of penalty kick being taken affected the kicker's visual search strategy and where the ball hit the goal (end ball location). METHOD Wearing a portable eye tracker, 12 university footballers execu...

The aims of this study were (i) to compare women's water polo game-related statistics by match outcome (winning and losing teams) and phase (preliminary, classificatory, and semi-final/bronze medal/gold medal), and (ii) identify characteristics that discriminate performances for each phase. The game-related statistics of the 124 women's matches played in five International Championships (World ...

In a robotic soccer team, goalkeeper is an important challenging role, which has different characteristics from the other teammates. This paper proposes a new learning-based behavior model for a soccer goalkeeper robot by using Petri nets. The model focuses on modeling and analyzing, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for the goalkeeper role so that we have a model-based knowledge of the ta...