A modified Gleason grading system as proposed in the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus meeting is the current grading system for prostate cancer. With this modified ISUP Gleason grading system, many Gleason score (GS) 6 cancers by the old grading system are upgraded to GS7 cancers on biopsy diagnosis even with minimal quantity (≤5%) of Gleason pattern 4 (GP4) c...

The lagging-strand DNA polymerase requires an oligoribonucleotide, synthesized by DNA primase, to initiate the synthesis of an Okazaki fragment. In the replication system of bacteriophage T7 both DNA primase and DNA helicase activities are contained within a single protein, the bifunctional gene 4 protein (gp4). Intermolecular interactions between gp4 and T7 DNA polymerase are crucial for the s...

The DNA helicase encoded by gene 4 of bacteriophage T7 couples DNA unwinding to the hydrolysis of dTTP. The loss of coupling in the presence of orthovanadate (Vi) suggests that the gamma-phosphate of dTTP plays an important role in this mechanism. The crystal structure of the hexameric helicase shows Arg-522, located at the subunit interface, positioned to interact with the gamma-phosphate of b...

Techniques for directed evolution are commonly used in industry to induce mutations in a gene of interest (GOI). Rapid mutagenesis of a GOI within a host cell can be used to expedite the process of directed evolution. A system that replicates independently of the host genome is termed orthogonal. An orthogonal replication system can use an engineered error prone DNA polymerase recognizing a spe...

BACKGROUND Gleason scores (GS) 3+3 and 3+4 prostate cancers (PCa) differ greatly in their clinical courses, with Gleason pattern (GP) 4 representing a major independent risk factor for cancer progression. However, Gleason grade is not reliably ascertained by diagnostic biopsy, largely due to sampling inadequacies, subjectivity in the Gleason grading procedure, and a lack of more objective bioma...

The helicase and primase activities of the hexameric ring-shaped T7 gp4 protein reside in two separate domains connected by a linker region. This linker region is part of the subunit interface between monomers, and point mutations in this region have deleterious effects on the helicase functions. One such linker region mutant, A257T, is analogous to the A359T mutant of the homologous human mito...

A modified Gleason grading system as proposed in the 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus meeting is the current grading system for prostate cancer. With this modified ISUP Gleason grading system, many Gleason score (GS) 6 cancers by the old grading system are upgraded to GS7 cancers on biopsy diagnosis even with minimal quantity (≤5%) of Gleason pattern 4 (GP4) c...

Replisomes are protein assemblies that function as molecular motors to mediate template-directed polymerization of nucleotides, unwinding of DNA, synthesis of RNA primers and the assembly of proteins at the replication fork. A major role of the replisome is to coordinate the reactions mediated by its protein constituents, so that leadingand lagging-strand synthesis proceed at the same rate. The...

ABSTRACT Evaluating the hazards and beneficiary of chest - CT imaging for patients COVID-19 Subjects Methods: A total number 160 suspected Covid-19 were classified into four groups (GP1(n=40) ,GP2(n=40) GP3(n=40)). The undergoing examination (Toshiba, Activion 16) .The acquisition protocols different as follows: GP 1 ((n=40), 100 Kv , ±15 mAs GP2 ((n=40) 120 150 ±20 mAs) GP3((n=40) Sure Exposur...

The TWINKLE protein is a hexameric DNA helicase required for replication of mitochondrial DNA. TWINKLE displays striking sequence similarity to the bacteriophage T7 gene 4 protein (gp4), which is a bi-functional primase-helicase required at the phage DNA replication fork. The N-terminal domain of human TWINKLE contains some of the characteristic sequence motifs found in the N-terminal primase d...