Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage is a common posttranslational modification of eukaryotic proteins. Chemical synthesis of structurally defined GPIs and GPI derivatives is a necessary step toward understanding the properties and functions of these molecules in biological systems. In this work, the synthesis of several functionalized GPI anchors was accomplished using the para-methoxy...

Induction of proinflammatory cytokine responses by glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) of intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum is believed to contribute to malaria pathogenesis. In this study, we purified the GPIs of P. falciparum to homogeneity and determined their structures by biochemical degradations and mass spectrometry. The parasite GPIs differ from those of the host in that they con...

Induction of proinflammatory cytokine responses by glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) of intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum is believed to contribute to malaria pathogenesis. In this study, we purified the GPIs of P. falciparum to homogeneity and determined their structures by biochemical degradations and mass spectrometry. The parasite GPIs differ from those of the host in that they con...

GPIs isolated from Toxoplasma gondii, as well as a chemically synthesized GPI lacking the lipid moiety, activated a reporter gene in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing TLR4, while the core glycan and lipid moieties cleaved from the GPIs activated both TLR4- and TLR2-expressing cells. MyD88, but not TLR2, TLR4, or CD14, is absolutely needed to trigger TNF-alpha production by macrophages expo...

The major glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs) transferred to protein in mammals and trypanosomes contain three mannoses. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, however, the GPI transferred to protein bears a fourth, alpha1,2-linked Man on the alpha1,2-Man that receives the phosphoethanolamine (EthN-P) moiety through which GPIs become linked to protein. We report that temperature-sensitive smp3 mutants a...

Proinflammatory responses by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to malaria infection are considered to be a significant factor in suppressing pathogen growth and in disease control. The key protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria through glycosylphosphatidylinositols (GPIs), which induce the host immune response mainly via TLR2 signalling. Experimental studies have suggested that malari...

Data centers (DC/DCs) are indispensable elements of information systems. The increase in information technology service demand drives their worldwide grow in number, size and energy consumption. In the light of depleting raw natural resources and climate change induced by greenhouse gases (GHG) the environmental impacts of DCs have received particular attention. This paper reviews literature to...

The central role of platelets in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is well appreciated. The various platelet activation mechanisms finally lead to the expression and activation of surface glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa receptors that mediate platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) are the most potent antiplatelet ag...

Glycerophosphoinositols (GPIs) are bioactive, diffusible phosphoinositide metabolites of phospholipase A2 that act both intracellularly and in a paracrine fashion following their uptake by specific transporters. The most representative compound, glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIns), is a ubiquitous component of eukaryotic cells that participates in central processes, including cell proliferation an...