Koskenniemi’s two-level morphology was the first practical general model in the history of computational linguistics for the analysis of morphologically complex languages. In this article we will reconsider one of the key innovations in Koskenniemi (1983), namely the treatment of consonant gradation in finite state transducers. We will look not at Finnish, but at two languages with a more exten...

This article focused on the stress analysis of an edge crack in a thin hallow rotating functionally graded material (FGM) disk. The disk is assumed to be isotropic with exponentially varying elastic modulus in the radial direction. A comprehensive study is carried out for various combinations of the crack length and orientation with the different gradation of materials. The effect of non-unifor...

The paper presents an a priori procedure to control the element size and shape variation for meshing algorithms governed by anisotropic sizing specifications. The field of desired element size and shape is represented by a background structure. The procedure consists in replacing the initial field with a smoothed one that preserves anisotropic features and smaller element sizes. The smoothness ...

A brief survey is given of how motoneurons and motor units are used for the gradation of muscle force during motor behavior. Basic properties of motoneurons and muscle fibers, including major kinds of functional specialization along the axis of 'fast' vs. 'slow', are reviewed. The principles underlying the rate and recruitment gradation of force are described, stressing that the properties of m...

First time, an analytical two-dimensional (2D) elasticity solution for arbitrarily supported axially functionally graded (FG) beam is developed. Linear gradation of the material property along the axis of the beam is considered. Using the strain displacement and constitutive relations, governing partial differential equations (PDEs) is obtained by employing Ressiner mixed var...

This paper gives a procedure to control the size variation in a mesh adaption scheme where the size speci cation (the so-called control space) is used to govern the mesh generation stage. The method consists in replacing the initial control space by a reduced one by means of size or metric. It allows to improve, a priori, the quality of the adapted mesh and to speed up the adaption procedure. S...

Noticing certain limitations of concept lattices in the fuzzy context, especially view their practical applications, this paper, we propose a more general approach based on what call graded preconcept lattices. We believe that is adequate for dealing with information then one consider two possible gradation methods lattice—an inner one, called D-gradation and an outer M-gradation, study propert...