The primary goal was to expand our understanding of text reading fluency (efficiency or automaticity)-how its relation to other constructs (e.g., word reading fluency and reading comprehension) changes over time and how it is different from word reading fluency and reading comprehension. We examined (1) developmentally changing relations among word reading fluency, listening comprehension, text...

Globalization leading to massive geopolitical changes around the world has made it meaningful reconsider state of English education in Saudi Higher Education Institutions gain a realistic understanding their role and contribution preparing native Arabic speaking EFL learners establish themselves as global citizens. This study weaves twin axes linguistic awareness grammatical competence by evalu...

Statistical machine translation systems often struggle to preserve predicateargument structure. We present a new hierarchical machine translation model that explicitly captures the grammatical roles taken on by the words and phrases being translated (e.g., subject, object, and indirect object). Although existing hierarchical and syntax-based grammars can capture how many arguments a predicate t...

The spelling of many words in English and in other orthographies involves patterns determined by morphology (e.g., ed in past regular verbs). The authors report a longitudinal study that shows that when children first adopt such spelling patterns, they do so with little regard for their morphological basis. They generalize the patterns to grammatically inappropriate words (e.g., sofed for soft)...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of textual enhancement types on English as Foreign Language ( EFL ) learn er s ’ grammatical awareness of simple and complex structures. A nu m- ber of 104 learners from Ayandegan Institute, in Tehran, participated in this study. To homogenize the samples, the researchers administered a placement Michigan Test of English language to the p...

This study set out to investigate the effect of peer- editing as a metacognitive strategy on the development of writing. It was hypothesized that peer-editing could be used to raise grammatical and compositional awareness of the learners. Forty pre-intermediate sophomores at Islamic Azad University-Tabriz Branch participated in the study, taking the course Writing I. To warrant the initial homo...

OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia impairs performance on explicit, but not implicit, memory tasks, indicating that conscious awareness at retrieval is a critical determinant of impaired memory. The authors investigated implicit learning, i.e., knowledge acquisition in the absence of conscious awareness, in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD An artificial grammar learning task was used to assess implic...

PURPOSE To investigate if the performance on linguistic tasks would be predictive of orthographic domain and quality of written productions. METHODS Participants were 82 fourth graders of Elementary Education, from public and private schools of São Paulo, with ages ranging from 9 years to 10 years and 2 months. The test battery was composed of an expressive vocabulary test, phonological aware...

The present investigation evaluated language-disordered children's metalinguistic awareness of words, syllables, and sounds. Subjects were 15 language-disordered children matched for mental age to 15 normally developing children and for language age to another 15 normally developing children. In the first task, children were asked to divide sentences, bisyllabic words, and monosyllabic words in...