background: epigenetic reprogramming of differentiated cells can modify somatic cells into pluripotential state. pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by several approches. one of the easy ways to induce pluripotency is the exposure of the somatic cells to the embryonic stem cell (esc) extract. objective: the objective of this study was to increase the efficiency of reprogramming of gran...

Background: Primordial follicle includes an oocyte surrounded by a layer of somatic cells called granulosa cells (GCs). GCs, also known as nurse cells, are an important protective element for the growth and survival of oocytes. Oocytes, which lack some of the metabolic processes required granulosa cells for their development. Objective: This manuscript has been provided to explain the protocol...

introduction: recent evidence suggests that nitric oxide (no) acts as an important factor in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including reproductive function. the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether no might significantly induce any apoptotic changes in cultured human granulosa cells. material and methods: the granulosa cells (gc) were obtained from wom...

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common complex genetic endocrinopathy, affecting 5 - 10% of women at reproductive age. PCO granulosa cells seem to have abnormal responses to follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH is considered to be a pituitary glycoprotein that plays an important role during folliculogenesis as it promotes the proliferation and differentiation of granulosa ...

sea cucumbers saponins are triterpenoid glycosides which exert beneficial biomedical effects. this study was performed to assess the effect of saponin extracted from sea cucumber holothuria leucospilota            ( h. leucospilota ) on maturation of mice oocytes and granulosa cells. the germinal vesicles oocytes were collected from 6–8 weeks old naval medical research institute (nmri) mice ova...

Background: Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is a primary infertility disorder characterized by a reduction in the number and/or quality of oocytes, usually accompanied by high follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and regular menses. DOR aetiology factors are different, such as genetic factors, ageing, autoimmune disorders, adrenal gland impairment factors and iatrogenic causes, e.g. chemo...

background: poor ovarian response phenomenon has been observed in some of the in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer patients. some investigations found that follicle stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) gene plays a role in the process, but no direct evidence shows the correlation between genotypes of fshr and ovarian response. objective: exploring the molecular mechanism behind the mutation of...