Rankings for output of Chinese main agricultural commodity in the world for 1978, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2006, 2007 and 2008 have been released in United Nations FAO Database. Unfortunately, where the ranking of output of Chinese cotton lint in the world for 2008 was missed. This paper uses sequential data mining methods with decision rules filling this gap. This new data mining method will be help ...

in this paper, the importance of environmental degradation costs in national accounts is discussed, empirical studies having been considered by politician and economic planners before. the importance of a determination of relationship between economic growth vs. openness to trade is also discussed. the main objective followed in an investigation of the relationship between trade openness, green...

China’s economy is going through a major transition, characterized by a slower growth rate, a structural shift to the tertiary (service) sector, and industrial deleveraging—a process to reduce overcapacity that has built up in key industrial sectors over the past decades. Given the uncertainties that China is facing during its current economic transition, it is important to examine whether futu...

In 1997 health spending in the United States increased just 4.8 percent to $1.1 trillion. As a share of gross domestic product (GDP), national health expenditures (NHE) absorbed 13.5 percent of the country's output in 1997--a share that has remained relatively constant for 5 years. Despite the relative stability in recent years, signs of changing trends are emerging.

The choice of free parameters in network models is subjective, since it depends on what topological properties are being monitored. However, we show that the maximum likelihood (ML) principle indicates a unique, statistically rigorous parameter choice, associated with a well-defined topological feature. We then find that, if the ML condition is incompatible with the built-in parameter choice, n...

Core indicators are, simply put, the ways we come to understand the inputs and outcomes of a program or project that we may or may not be able to observe directly. In Chapter 1, we identify a variety of factors that can impact program outcomes. In this chapter, we concentrate on those indicators that are most relevant and immediate to ICT-supported educational programs and projects, what we ter...

HOW BIG A ROLE THE GOVERNMENT SHOULD play in the economy is always a central issue in political debates. But measuring the size of government is not simple. People often use shorthand measures, such as the ratio of spending to gross domestic product (GDP) or of tax revenues to GDP. But those measures leave out important aspects of government action. For example, they do not capture the ways gov...

There are obvious economic predictors of ability and willingness to invest in environmental sustainability. Yet, given that environmental decisions represent trade-offs between present sacrifices and uncertain future benefits, psychological factors may also play a role in country-level environmental behavior. Gott's principle suggests that citizens may use perceptions of their country's age to ...

The Asian financial crisis quickly led to marked contractions in gross domestic product (GDP) and employment in the affected economies. GDP shrinkages in 1998 ranged from nearly 14 percent in Indonesia to 0.5 percent in the Philippines. In turn, these have resulted in adverse social consequences. Although there are signs that the worst of the financial crisis is over and the crisis economies ar...