The use of antibiotics for growth promotion in swine feeds has come under serious scrutiny in the last few years due to concerns about their potential effects on antibiotic resistance in humans. This has led to a ban of growth-promoting antibiotics in Sweden in 1986, in Denmark in 1995 and 1999, and the decision by the EU to ban five antibiotics for growth promotion in 1999. These decisions wer...

Promotion can stimulate consumer’s unplanned buying which is regarded as the main source of sales growth, however, it may increase consumer’s planned buying shortfall as well. On one hand, online scarce promotion more significantly influences consumer’s unplanned buying and planned buying shortfall; On the other hand, frequent and continuing online promotion weakens its marginal performance. Un...