A surrogate endpoint is an endpoint that is obtained sooner, at lower cost, or less invasively than the true endpoint for a health outcome and is used to make conclusions about the effect of intervention on the true endpoint. In this approach, each previous trial with surrogate and true endpoints contributes an estimated predicted effect of intervention on true endpoint in the trial of interest...

It is known that bootstrapping maximum for estimating the endpoint of a distribution function is inconsistent and subsample bootstrap method is needed. Under an extreme value condition, some other estimators for the endpoint have been studied in the literature, which are preferrable to the maximum in regular cases. In this paper, we show that the full sample bootstrap method is consistent for t...

BACKGROUND Before a new test is introduced in clinical practice, evidence is needed to demonstrate that its use will lead to improvements in patient health outcomes. Studies reporting test accuracy may not be sufficient, and clinical trials of tests that measure patient health outcomes are rarely feasible. Therefore, the consequences of testing on patient management are often investigated as an...

This interaction profile discusses and evaluates the evidence for joint toxic action among lead, manganese, zinc, and copper. The interaction profile recommends how to incorporate concerns about possible interactions or additivity into public health assessments of hazardous waste sites where people might be exposed to mixtures of these chemicals. The profile recommends using endpoint-specific h...

The Padmakar-Ivan (PI) index is a first-generation topological index (TI) based on sums over all edges between numbers of edges closer to one endpoint and numbers of edges closer to the other endpoint. Edges at equal distances from the two endpoints are ignored. An analogous definition is valid for the Wiener index W, with the difference that sums are replaced by products. A few other TIs are d...

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that Public Health professionals focus on community resilience in tackling chronic problems, such as poverty and deprivation; is this approach useful? DISCUSSION Resilience is always i) of something ii) to something iii) to an endpoint, as in i) a rubber ball, ii) to a blunt force, iii) to its original shape. "Community resilience" might be: of a neighbourhood...

Endpoint results are presented for multi-valued cyclic contraction mappings on complete metric spaces (X, d). Our results extend previous results given by Nadler (1969), Daffer-Kaneko (1995), Harandi (2010), Moradi and Kojasteh (2012) and Karapinar (2011).