BACKGROUND Clinicians often apply heating or cooling stimulation for treatment of musculoskeletal pain. However, scalding, frostbite and skin ulcers may occur from the excessive use of either therapy alone. Heating and cooling combination therapy may be a suitable alternative for treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, although insufficient research has documented the safety and efficacy of such...

Melting of crystalline solids ~superlattices! of octadecanethiol and octanethiol protected silver clusters has been studied with x-ray powder diffraction ~XRD!, differential scanning calorimetry ~DSC!, and infrared ~IR! spectroscopy. These solids have been compared with the silver thiolate layered compounds in view of their similarity in alkyl chain packing and x-ray diffraction patterns. Super...

Confined aquifers are formations surrounded by impermeable layers called cap rocks and bed rocks. These aquifers are suitable for the seasonal storage of thermal energy. A confined aquifer was designed to meet the cooling and heating energy needs of a residential building complex located in Tehran, Iran. The annual cooling and heating energy needs of the buildings were estimated to be 8.7...

This study presents a theoretical analysis of a new combined cooling, heating, and power cycle by the novel integration of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), an ejector refrigeration cycle (ERC), and a heat pump cycle (HPC) for producing cooling output, heating output, and power output simultaneously. Three different working fluids—namely R113, isobutane, and R141b—have been used in power, ref...

Cycles for heating and cooling have been studied in detail when it comes to thermodynamics and design. However, there are few publications on optimal operation with given equipment which is the theme of this paper. One important issue is which variable to control during operation, for example super-heating, pressure, liquid level or valve set-point. Unlike open systems the initial charge to the...

An alternative method of rapid-cycle PCR for DNA amplification is demonstrated using electrolyte resistance for heating and temperature monitoring. The PCR amplification solution is electrically conductive and can be heated by passing an alternating current through the sample. The temperature of the solution is evaluated by monitoring its electrical resistance. Cooling is accomplished by forced...

The oxidation state of palladium in a model Pd/ ACZ three-way catalyst was monitored by synchronous XANES and mass spectrometry during two consecutive heating (to 850 C) and cooling (to 100 C) cycles under stoichiometric conditions simulating exhaust after treatment of a natural gas engine. During heating in the first cycle, PdO reduction occurred around 500 C and the initial fully oxidized sta...