We demonstrate an optical scheme for measuring the thickness of thin nanolayers with the use of light beam's spatial modes. The novelty in our scheme is the projection of the beam reflected by the sample onto a properly tailored spatial mode. In the experiment described below, we are able to measure a step height smaller than 10 nm, i.e., one-eightieth (1/80) of the wavelength with a standard e...

Fundal height assessment is an inexpensive method for screening for fetal growth restriction. It has had mixed results in the literature, which is likely to be because of a wide variety of methods used. A standardised protocol of measurement by tape and plotting on customised charts is presented, which in routine practice has shown to be able to significantly increase detection rates, while red...

According to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, measurement uncertainty in quality control is especially important, as the measured value determines either the acceptance or rejection of a product. As the coordinate measuring machines are not capable of 100% dimensional quality control, the use of optical methods is growing. The problem here is still the lack of methods ...

Investigators have studied the relation between height and the length of various long bones (Dupertius and Hadden, 1951; Trotter and Gleser, 1952, 1958; Zorab, Prime, and Harrison, 1963), and have found good correlation between these measurements. The accurate measurement of height under field survey conditions is extremely difficult, but can provide valuable information. In this type of survey...