Since its beginning in the early 1960s, the field of X-ray astronomy has exploded, experiencing a ten-billion-fold increase in sensitivity, which brought it on par with the most advanced facilities at all wavelengths. I will briefly describe the revolutionary first discoveries prior to the launch of the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories, present some of the current achievements, and of...

in this article vanadium boride nanopowder was synthesized by mechanochemical reduction method in a high-energy ball mill. the synthesized powders were studied by x-ray diffraction (xrd), scanning electron microscopy (sem), xray map and transmission electron microscopy (tem). according to x-ray diffraction the product predominantly consists of vb phases after 100 min milling without further hea...

polyvinylpyrrolidone  /  nickel  oxide  (pvp/nio)  dielectrics  were fabricated  with  sol-gel  method  using  0.2  g  of  pvp  at  different working  temperatures  of  80,  150  and  200  ºc.  structural  properties and surface morphology of the hybrid films were investigated by x-ray  diffraction  (xrd)  and  scanning  electron microscope  (sem) respectively. energy dispersive x-ray spectrosc...

Background: Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) play a crucial role in the initiation, progression, and recurrence of cancer. Evidence indicates that the high linear energy transfer (LET) carbon ion beam is more effective against CSCs than the conventional X-ray beam. Carbon ion radiotherapy is considered as a promising cancer strategy, however, information about whether, or not, new CSCs are induced...

introduction: the photoelectric attenuation coefficient of substances is known to depend upon the energy e of the photon and the effective atomic number of substances (zeff) as (zeff x /e y ).  no definitive values about these indices x, y are given in the literature. the index x is said to lie between, 3.0 and 4.0, while for ‘y’ different values have been assigned, between 3.0 and 4.0. methodo...