Transcutaneous electrical stimulation using kilohertz-frequency alternating current (AC) became popular in the 1950s with the introduction of "interferential currents," promoted as a means of producing depth-efficient stimulation of nerve and muscle. Later, "Russian current" was adopted as a means of muscle strengthening. This article reviews some clinically relevant, laboratory-based studies t...

A distributed balanced photodetector with high saturation photocurrent and excellent linearity has been experimentally demonstrated. The maximum linear direct current (dc) photocurrent of 33 mA per branch is equivalent to 66mA in single-ended photodetectors. A setup for investigating the alternating current (ac) linearity of the receiver is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The receiver...

Combined parallel static and alternating magnetic fields cause a rapid change in the ionic current flowing through an aqueous glutamic acid solution when the alternating field frequency is equal to the cyclotron frequency. The current peak is 20-30% of the background direct current. The peak is observed with slow sweep in the alternating magnetic field frequency from 1 Hz-10 Hz. Only one resona...

We have demonstrated the fabrication of both armchair and zigzag epitaxial graphene nanoribbon (GNR) devices on 4H–SiC using a polymer-assisted sublimation growth method. The phenomenon terrace step formation has traditionally introduced risk GNR deformation along sidewalls, but method helps mitigate this risk. Each type 50 nm wide is examined electrically optically (armchair zigzag), with latt...

Cross-frequency coupling (CFC) has been suggested to constitute a highly flexible mechanism for cortical information gating and processing, giving rise to conscious perception and various higher cognitive functions in humans. In particular, it might provide an elegant tool for information integration across several spatiotemporal scales within nested or coupled neuronal networks. However, it is...