in this retrospective study the recorded data from 75 dairies 2932 cows with papillomatous digital dermatitis “pdd” were considered and a simple scoring system for assessing cow cleanliness was used to determine whether hygiene scores were correlated with individual pdd cow. screening cows at the parlor by using a water hose method and verification the case following inspecting restrained cows ...

Hemimelia as a congenital anomaly is a failure of development of extremities formation in embryonic period. This anomaly is defined as complete absence of the part of extremities and different forms were explained for hemimelia. Adactyly is an alternative name for transverse hemimelia and is a rare disorder in the most of animal species. A two months old male lamb with normal vital signs was re...

Back dysfunction is an important reason for impaired performance in sport horses. Limb movements influence the movements of the back and factors affecting the limbs may therefore affect the movement of the back. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of weighted boots on the foreand hind limbs on the movement of the back. The back kinematics of eight horses was studied at the wal...

The lengths of the digital bones of the fore- and hind-limbs obtained post mortem from 40 cattle of different ages were measured using digital radiographs. The lengths of the individual digital bones and the overall length of the digit were determined using computer software. The lateral metacarpal/metatarsal condyle, and lateral P1 and P2 were significantly longer than their medial counterpart...

The aim of this study was to find any structural differences between the digital pads of forelimbs and hind limbs as well as more careful investigation of the internal and external structures of the toe-pad. In this study, pad morphology and cytology in Litoria caerulea is described using SEM, TEM and light microscopy. At the gross anatomical level, toe-pads in hind limbs were subdivided into m...

A technique utilizing an artificial heartlung system for isolation-perfusion of ovine hind limbs was described. Twelve lambs were used in a preliminary study to develop the surgical and perfusion technique. Rising perfusion pressure, falling venous output and increasing tissue edema caused a termination of most of the preliminary studies within 15 to 30 rain. after isolation of the hind limbs. ...

Walking involves a cyclic exchange of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy of the center of mass. Our goal was to understand how the limbs of walking quadrupeds coordinate the vertical movements of the fore and hind quarters to produce these inverted pendulum-like movements. We collected kinematic and ground reaction force data from dogs walking over a range of speeds. We found tha...