Most state-of-the-art global climate models (GCMs) project an increase in atmospheric poleward energy transport with global warming; however, the amount of increase varies significantly from model to model. Using an energy balance model that diffuses moist static energy, it is shown that: (1) the increase in atmospheric moisture content causes most of the increase in transport, and (2) changes ...

We explore the impact of obliquity variations on planetary habitability in hypothetical systems with high mutual inclination. We show that large-amplitude, high-frequency obliquity oscillations on Earth-like exoplanets can suppress the ice-albedo feedback, increasing the outer edge of the habitable zone. We restricted our exploration to hypothetical systems consisting of a solar-mass star, an E...

S hallow boundary layer clouds are ubiquitous over many parts of the globe and strongly influence Earth’s radiative energy balance (Hartmann et al. 1992). However, our understanding of these clouds is insufficient to solve pressing scientific problems. Cloud feedback represents the largest uncertainty among all climate feedbacks in general circulation models (GCMs), and subtropical boundary lay...

Shallow maritime clouds are critical to regulating the climate of the Earth. Due to their warm cloud top temperatures and extensive horizontal coverage they have a larger net radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere than any other cloud type. In addition to playing a critical role in determining the radiative energy balance at the top of the atmosphere, they are also highly susceptible to ...

The discovery of the adipose-derived hormone leptin has generated enormous interest in the interaction between peripheral signals and brain targets involved in the regulation of feeding and energy balance. Plasma leptin levels correlate with fat stores and respond to changes in energy balance. It was initially proposed that leptin serves a primary role as an anti-obesity hormone, but this role ...

[1] This paper analyzes the sensitivity of simulated climate and energy balance to changes in soil emissivity over Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and considers how this information may be used to improve emissivity parameterizations in climate models. Analysis of satellite observations suggests that the soil emissivity in current models is too high over this region. Sensitivity tests...

A erosol particles resulting from human activity such as sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols have substantially increased the global mean aerosol burden since preindustrial times. Aerosol particles can affect the climate system via several mechanisms. The most prominent impacts are 1) the reflection of solar radiation back to space (a “direct” effect), 2) the absorption of solar radiation by soot...

the continuous improvement of eaf performance is crucial for the increase in productivity and cost effectiveness and to render an environmental friendly process. rhi supports these targets by providing a diverse range of refractory and process solutions. chemical energy in practical operation by injection of gaseous media like oxygen and natural gas, and solid materials like carbon have become ...