Cardiovascular disease is the largest cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease, with nearly half of all deaths attributed to cardiovascular disease. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), an anti-inflammatory drug, has been shown to have multiple pleiotropic actions relevant to atherosclerosis. We conducted a proof-of-efficacy study to ev...

HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE PREVENTS ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODYINDUCED INHIBITION OF TROPHOBLAST MIGRATION Women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are at high risk of recurrent pregnancy complications. Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) target the trophoblast by binding beta2glycoprotein I (β2GPI) and alter human first trimester trophoblast function by: triggering a pro-inflammatory cytokine response; ...

Eukaryotes use autophagy as a mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling organelles and proteins. This process assists in the proliferation and survival of advanced cancers. There is mounting preclinical evidence that targeting autophagy can enhance the efficacy of many cancer therapies. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the only clinically-approved autophagy inhibitor,...

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a widely-used medication. Although classically associated with the treatment of malaria and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the potential spectrum of HCQ utility is actually quite expansive, and may come to include more common diseases and disorders [1]. Although generally considered a safe medication in the medical community, the adverse effect profile of HCQ is...

Objective. The study goals were to evaluate performance of SLE classification criteria, to define patients with incomplete lupus erythematosus (ILE), and to probe for features in these patients that might be useful as indicators of disease status and hydroxychloroquine response. Methods. Patients with ILE (N = 70) and SLE (N = 32) defined by the 1997 American College of Rheumatology criteria we...

The efficacy of antimalarials, especially hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), in preventing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares is well demonstrated. However, many studies show that the percentage of SLE patients treated with HCQ remains low. By blocking the toll-like receptor 7 and 9 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, HCQ inhibits interferon-alpha production which plays a crucial role in SLE pathoge...

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial drug used as chemoprophylaxis against malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea Army (ROKA). In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) of HCQ and its metabolites and the relationship between the PK of HCQ and the effect of treatment of HCQ on vivax malaria in South Koreans. Three PK studies of HCQ were conducted with 91 h...

OBJECTIVE To study the possible relationship between whole-blood hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) concentrations and clinical efficacy of HCQ in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Whole-blood HCQ concentrations were measured, under blinded conditions, in 143 unselected patients with SLE who had been receiving HCQ 400 mg daily for at least 6 months. The relationship of these con...

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a lysosomotropic amine, is an immunosuppressive agent presently being evaluated in bone marrow transplant patients to treat graft-versus-host disease. While its immunosuppressive properties have been attributed primarily to its ability to interfere with antigen processing, recent reports demonstrate HCQ also blocks T-cell activation in vitro. To more precisely define t...

Chloroquine has several disadvantages consisting hypoglycemia, diarrhea, prolong QTc interval, and AV block (21-22). In addition, Gendelman et al., recently published an article about inefficacy of continuous Hydroxychloroquine or colchicine therapy for prevention of SARS-CoV 2 infection (23). According to recent RCTs, HCQ has no therapeutic effects on prevention or improvment of major outcomes...