Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies bred for hygienic behavior were tested in a large Þeld trial to determine if they were able to resist the parasitic mite Varroa destructor better than unselected colonies of “Starline” stock. Colonies bred for hygienic behavior are able to detect, uncap, and remove experimentally infested brood from the nest, although the extent to which the behavior actua...

Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies bred for hygienic behavior were tested in a large field trial to determine if they were able to resist the parasitic mite Varroa destructor better than unselected colonies of"Starline" stock. Colonies bred for hygienic behavior are able to detect, uncap, and remove experimentally infested brood from the nest, although the extent to which the behavior actua...

Two behaviors of honey bees, hygienic behavior and grooming, are mechanisms of defense against brood diseases and parasitic mites. Studies have shown that Apis mellifera colonies remove worker brood infested with Varroa jacobsoni mites from the nest (hygienic behavior), and groom the mites off other adult bees, but to a limited extent compared to the original host of V. jacobsoni, A. cerana. Re...

AIM This baseline study aims to find out the evaluation of hygienic-sanitary conditions at the level of dental medicine cabinets through the verification of certain hygienic aspects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study conducted consists in monitoring the hygienic/sanitary conditions at the level of 68 dental medicine cabinets (40 private cabinets and 28 school/university dental cabinets in Iasi c...

Hygienic behaviour performed by middle!aged worker bees is an important intranidal task in colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera "L[#[ It comprises detecting diseased brood in the larval and pupal stages and removing all such infected brood\ thereby decreasing the incidence of infection[ Hygienic behaviour consists of two task!components] uncapping cells and removing the cell contents[ The a...

It is possible to define a formal semantics for configuration, elaboration, linking, and evaluation of fully-parameterized first-class modules with hygienic macros, independent compilation, and code sharing. This dissertation defines such a semantics making use of explicit substitution to formalize hygienic expansion and linking. In the module system, interfaces define the static semantics of m...

Survey of sanitation conditions by qualitative sanitation measurement were carried out in three districts, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. The sanitation of each household was assessed in terms of positive stool examination and scores of seven main sanitary activities which were used to classify each household's sanitation as hygienic or non-hygienic. Stool collections were made from each hous...

ACL2 is a theorem prover for a purely functional subset of Common Lisp. It inherits Common Lisp’s unhygienic macros, which are used pervasively to eliminate repeated syntactic patterns. The lack of hygiene means that macros do not automatically protect their producers or consumers from accidental variable capture. This paper demonstrates how this lack of hygiene interferes with theorem proving....

Over the past two decades, Scheme macros have evolved into a powerful API for the compiler front-end. Like Lisp macros, their predecessors, Scheme macros expand source programs into a small core language; unlike Lisp systems, Scheme macro expanders preserve lexical scoping, and advanced Scheme macro systems handle other important properties such as source location. Using such macros, Scheme pro...

One of the base concepts of object-oriented programming is that of " method ". In languages supporting inheritance, this concept is realized by three different actions: (i) the introduction of a new method; (ii) the implementation/override of an existing method; (iii) the method call. The bindings between (ii) and (i), and between (iii) and (i) are typically based on method names, which are not...