Vaccinia virus produces two distinct infectious virions; the single-enveloped intracellular mature virus (IMV), which remains in the cell until cell lysis, and the double-enveloped extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), which mediates virus spread. The latter is derived from a triple-enveloped intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) precursor, which is transported to the cell periphery by the kinesin...

Vaccinia virus is the prototypical member of the family Poxviridae. Three morphologically distinct forms are produced during infection: intracellular mature virions (IMV), intracellular enveloped virions (IEV), and extracellular enveloped virions (EEV). Two viral proteins, F12 and A36, are found exclusively on IEV but not on IMV and EEV. Analysis of membranes from infected cells showed that F12...

Vaccinia virus (VV) egress has been studied using confocal, video, and electron microscopy. Previously, intracellular-enveloped virus (IEV) particles were proposed to induce the polymerization of actin tails, which propel IEV particles to the cell surface. However, data presented support an alternative model in which microtubules transport virions to the cell surface and actin tails form beneat...

A detailed comparison is made of volatility forecasting techniques on Australian value-weighted indices. The techniques compared are the naı̈ve approach (historical volatility), an improved extreme-value method (IEV), the ARCH/GARCH class of models and an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) of volatility. The study suggests that the EWMA technique appears to be the best volatility forec...

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is the standard treatment of patients with multiple myeloma today. In this study we used a combination mobilizing chemotherapy containing ifosfamide with G-CSF before stem cell collection. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of ifosfamide (2,500 mg/m(2) days 1-3), epirubicin (100 mg/m(2) day 1) and etoposide (150 m...

BACKGROUND A fundamental principle in the therapeutic strategy for recurrent lymphomas is the employment of agents that are not part of the usual front line combination regimens. Ideally, the cytotoxic agents should lack complete cross resistance with those utilized up front. PATIENTS AND METHODS A three-drug combination of ifosfamide, epirubicin and etoposide (IEV) was used to treat 20 patie...

Many viruses induce profound changes in cell metabolism and function. Here we show that vaccinia virus induces two distinct forms of cell movement. Virus-induced cell migration was demonstrated by an in vitro wound healing assay in which infected cells migrated independently into the wound area while uninfected cells remained relatively static. Time-lapse microscopy showed that the maximal rate...

Converging evidence implicates striatal dopamine (DA) in reinforcement learning, such that DA increases enhance "Go learning" to pursue actions with rewarding outcomes, whereas DA decreases enhance "NoGo learning" to avoid non-rewarding actions. Here we test whether these effects apply to the response time domain. We employ a novel paradigm which requires the adjustment of response times to a s...

BACKGROUND Cardiac dyssynchrony is common in advanced heart failure (HF), but the changes in cardiac synchrony after myocardial infarction (MI) have not been adequately descríbed. AIM To study the relationship between cardiac synchrony and left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty nine patients aged 59+/-10 years (77% men) with a first episode...

The 1-diode/2-resistors electric circuit equivalent to a photovoltaic system is analyzed. The equations at particular points of the IeV curve are studied considering the maximum number of terms. The maximum power point as a boundary condition is given special attention. A new analytical method is developed based on a reduced amount of information, consisting in the normal manufacturer data. Res...