Population estimates are generally drawn from one point in time to study disease trends over time; changes in population characteristics over time are usually not assessed and included in the study design. We evaluated whether population characteristics remained static and assessed the degree of population shifts over time. The analysis was based on the New York State 1990 and 2000 census data ...

From Bottom to Top: The Entire Distribution of Market Income in Germany, 1992-2001 We analyze the distribution and concentration of market incomes in Germany in the period 1992 to 2001 on the basis of an integrated data set of individual tax returns and the German Socio-Economic Panel. The unique feature of this integrated data set is that it encompasses the whole spectrum of the population, fr...

Global inequality is a relatively recent topic. It was not until the early 1980s that the first calculations of inequality across world citizens were done.1 This is because in order to calculate global inequality, one needs to have data on (within-) national income distributions for most of the countries in the world, or at least for most of the populous and rich countries. But it is only from ...

Harvey and Clark,1965; Gans,1967; Jackson,1985; Mills and Hamilton, 1994) in Western countries, especially in the United States. With the development of urbanization, on the edge of cities, the conversion of land to urban use became more and more severe and was out of control, mainly due to population growth, rising house-hold incomes and transportation improvements (Mieszkowski and Mills,1993;...

We analyze the distribution and concentration of market incomes in Germany in the period 1992 to 2001 on the basis of an integrated data set of individual tax returns and the German Socio-Economic Panel. The unique feature of this integrated data set is that it encompasses the whole spectrum of the population, from the very poor to the very rich. We find a modest increase in overall inequality ...

BACKGROUND Although opioid use rates are comparable in rural and urban counties, rural opioid users tend to be younger, unmarried, have lower incomes, and are more likely to lack health insurance, all vulnerabilities that may negatively impact their ability to seek treatment and recover.1 Little is known about what states with large rural populations are doing to combat opioid use disorders (OU...

Background: Cross-sectional studies suggest urban greenness is unequally distributed by neighborhood demographics. However, the extent to which inequalities in greenness have changed over time remains unknown. Methods: We estimated 2001 and 2011 greenness using Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite-derived normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) in 59,483 urban c...

The principal objective of our research is to examine whether the earned income tax credit (EITC), a broad-based income support program that has been shown to increase employment and income among poor working families, also improves their health and access to care. A finding that the EITC has a positive impact on the health of the American public may help guide deliberations about its future at...

Pacific Economic Bulletin Volume 22 Number 3 October 2007 © Asia Pacific Press Agriculture continues to play an important role in the growth and development of most Pacific island countries. With increasing populations and desire for higher incomes, the island countries will have to increase agricultural production, especially the Micronesian and Melanesian countries. In most countries, increas...

Health policy is increasingly conceptualized as concerned with broader issues that influence health rather than simply focused on health care. One such concern is with the social determinants of health which are the conditions in which people live and work. Social determinants provide the context for understanding population health and women’s health in particular. Especially important to healt...