The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – twofold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and...

In this paper we review historical material relating to the growth and coverage of past IEA meetings and congresses. In particular, we report on presentations at IEA Congresses dating back to the first one in Stockholm in 1961. A content analysis of Congress proceedings was carried out and we present findings on changes since 1961 covering: numbers and nationalities of conference participants a...

How does growth heterogeneity affect countries’ incentives to enter an international environmental agreement (IEA)? We address this issue in a twocountry model of endogenous growth. Two countries differ in their initial capital stocks, emulating a more developed country and a less developed one. Each country’s setup takes after that of Stokey (1998) but pollution is transboundary. Absent an IEA...

NOAA thanks the Science Advisory Board (SAB) for its thoughtful review of and comments on NOAA's evolving Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) efforts. The group's interest in and support of NOAA's IEA program is appreciated and welcomed. The main recommendation of the SAB is that " NOAA develop guidance for scientists, managers and their partners to develop timely and effective IEAs ". NOAA w...

Development of cerebrovascular nitrergic nerves was investigated in the rat, using immunohistochemistry for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and quantitative analysis. Cerebral perivascular NOS nerves usually appeared on the walls of both the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the internal ethmoidal arteries (IEA) at birth. NOS nerves via the IEA grew more rapidly than those ...

A layer-encoded interactive evolutionary algorithm (IEA) for optimization of design parameters of a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) low noise amplifier is presented. The IEA comprises a combination of the genetic algorithm (GA) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. The layer-encoding structure allows human intervention in order to accelerate the process of evolutio...

In skeletal muscle, an increased expression of insulin like growth factor-I isoforms IGF-IEa and mechano-growth factor (MGF) combined with downregulation of myostatin is thought to be essential for training-induced hypertrophy. However, the specific effects of different contraction types on regulation of these factors in muscle are still unclear, and in tendon the functions of myostatin, IGF-IE...

PURPOSE We report a novel case of "grand mal on awakening" from sleep presenting with intractable insomnia associated with interictal epileptiform activity (IEA) during sleep. CASE REPORT A 36-year-old woman with a seizure history of grand mal on awakening since age 13 years suffered from severe, persistent insomnia despite seizure control with daytime valproic acid therapy. Bedtime hypnotic ...

2011 The views expressed in this working paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Secretariat or of its individual member countries. This paper is a work in progress, designed to elicit comments and further debate; thus, comments are welcome, The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was establis...