Neuroleptics are widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late complication of prolonged neuroleptic treatment. Despite much research, the pathogenesis of TD remains elusive. It may be caused by loss of dopaminergic cells, due to free radicals as a product of high synaptic dopamine levels. Tardive dyskinesia has b...

Background and Objective: Dyskinesia is a debilitating complication of Parkinsonchr('39')s disease (PD), which appears due to some known risk factors. The effect of diabetes and high plasma glucose on the manifestation of dyskinesia has been evaluated in just a few previous reports. The current study aimed to assess the mentioned correlation. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, ...

Risperidone and olanzapine in treatment of psychiatric patients can provoke a plethora of tardive dyskinesias which pose problems for them. This clinical problem requires the urgent attention of mental health professionals. Hence a comprehensive research of Medline and related literature was undertaken from 1996 till August 2004. The published twenty two cases of risperidone (N=12) or olanzapin...

Diabetes Increases the Incidence of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease; A Case-Control Study

Maladaptive plasticity at corticostriatal synapses plays an important role in the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Recently, it has been shown that synaptic plasticity is closely linked to morphologic changes of dendritic spines. To evaluate morphologic changes of dendritic spines of two types of striatal medium spiny neurons, which project to the internal segment of globus pallidus ...

Ecstasy [3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)] was shown to prolong the action of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) while suppressing dyskinesia in a single patient with Parkinson's disease (PD). The clinical basis of this effect of MDMA is unknown but may relate to its actions on either dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems in brain. In normal, drug-naive common marmosets, MDMA admini...

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on levodopa-induced peak-dose dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was conducted on patients who underwent STN DBS for PD from May 2000 to July 2012. Only patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia prior to surgery and more than 1 year...

L-DOPA is still regarded as the standard pharmacotherapy for the treatment of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the efficacy of this drug is limited by the emergence of dystonic and choreic involuntary movements, generally referred to as dyskinesia. Current interventions to treat dyskinesia are mainly based on continuous delivery of L-DOPA, administration of glutamatergic...

Risperidone is a serotonin - dopamine antagonist which has got less propensity to cause tardive dyskinesia than conventional antipsychotics. There have been few reports of tardive dyskinesia induced by risperidone. This is a report of a case of risperidone induced tardive dyskinesia. A 56 year old female with a 6 months history of paranoid schizophrenia, developed bucco-oro-masticatory abnormal...