Copyright © 2013 I-Ming Jou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Mediators of inflammation induced by macrophages are critical for a variety of human inflammatory disorders, such as sepsis-related multiple organ ...

inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract and includes ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease. during last decades, the incidence of ibd   has increased, both in children as well as in adults (1–3). while the precise etiology of ibd is unknown, inflammatory bowel disease occure due to an abnormal immune response to luminal antigens i...

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders, including Crohns’ disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), both characterized by a clinical relapsing course an immune-mediated pathogenesis [...]