The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is responsible for evaluating drug safety and efficacy, including oversight of clinical trials and principal investigators. The FDA Clinical Investigator Inspection List (CIIL) contains online, detailed, relevant information of all FDA inspections. We reviewed FDA inspections of clinical investigators to ascerta...

In this research, we study a single-component system that is characterized by three distinct states, cf. the Delay Time Model: normal, defective, and failed. The system is maintained by an inspection policy with fixed time intervals, and preventive system replacement after a number of inspections. The inspections are imperfect, and the probability of an inspection error changes over the system’...

Sometimes a complex software system fails because of errors undiscovered in the design stage of the development process. Detecting these errors early in the process would eliminate many downstream problems. The so-called ‘‘capture–recapture’’ model, initially used by biologists to estimate the size of wildlife populations, has been widely used to estimate the number of software design errors. H...

In this paper we will analyse the software inspections related published data of different successful companies. We will compare the impact of software inspections on software quality with other software quality assurance techniques like software tests etc. Our analysis will show that software inspections play the most important role in software quality assurance. We will also briefly discuss w...

DESPITE more than 30 years of effort to improve its quality, software is still released with many errors. Many major products are known to have thousands of bugs. It is not for lack of trying; all major software developers have a software quality assurance effort and attempt to remove bugs before release. The problem is the complexity of the code. It is very easy to review code but fail to noti...

For more than twenty-five years software inspections have been considered an effective and efficient method for software quality improvement [3,4,9]. The goal of inspections is to detect defect before the testing stage begins. According to the data published in the literature, software design inspections save on average 44% of the defect detection costs, and code inspections save on average 39%...

Software inspections are commonly used throughout the software industry, but there are still open questions about the relationship between inspection processes and inspection effectiveness. For example, which techniques work best in various environments? Are requirements specifications inspections and code inspections different in terms of effectiveness? What is the effectiveness in inspections...

• Targeted inspections for the most vulnerable manholes: We created periodic inspections at regularly scheduled intervals for the most vulnerable k manholes. Specifically, every 50 days, we inspected the top 10% of vulnerable manholes for that day, all at once. While this targeting policy is effective in terms of reducing the overall hazard rate, it is plausible that some manholes may be inspec...

During the last two decades a universal agreement has been established on the fact that software inspections play a fundamental role in improving software quality. The number of software organizations that have incorporated formal reviews in their development process is constantly increasing and the belief that efficient inspections can not only detect defects but also reduce cycle time and low...