This study aims at determining the critical seismic intensity at which cracks are expected to develop in a concrete arch dam. This intensity is referred to as crack initiation intensity. The crack initiation intensity measure implies that earthquakes with the intensity measure higher than this value are expected to induce cracks in the arch dam. This quantity is an indicator for seismic evaluat...

Abstract The conventional wisdom that developing countries are significantly underinvesting in agricultural research and development (R&D) has been challenged by studies found the high rates of return literature result from data limitations inadequate modeling choices. However, evidence low effort as measured intensity ratio (IR)—the percentage gross domestic product invested R&D—has no...