Recent studies have suggested that aberrant K-ras signaling is responsible for triggering immunological responses and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis. Interleukins IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 have been reported in various types of malignancies, but the exact mechanistic role of these molecules remains to be elucidated. Given the role of K-ras and the involvement of interleukins in colorectal tumo...

CBA mouse spleen cells were subjected to hapten affinity fractionation on thin layers of fluorescein (FLU)-gelatin. This procedure yields 97% B cells with varying FLU-binding avidities. One to 30 cells were placed in 10-microliter microcultures without any filler or accessory cells. the T-independent antigen polymerized flagellin coupled to FLU (FLU-POL) was ineffective in stimulating these cel...

TLR choreography Pathogen-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) must be deployed accurately. Here, Fukui et al. show how finely tuned these receptors are. Tweaking a single amino acid in a TLR-trafficking molecule determined whether the signal was green or red for nucleic acid–sensing TLRs (page 1339). TLR7 and TLR9 recognize viral nucleic acids—RNA and DNA, respectively—in endolysosomes. By seque...