In a sequence of studies, we evaluated 2 behavioral interventions designed to decrease undesirable in-kennel behaviors of shelter dogs. In Experiment 1, we compared the efficacy of a simple pairing of person with food (response-independent treat delivery) to an increasing interval differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior (DRO) procedure and a control condition. Both procedures decreased the...

introduction: leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone. exogenous leptin allows the recovery of the reproductive function. in humans, leptin correlates positively with the body mass index (bmi). the aim of this study was to investigate the association of leptin with the toxic effects of iron overload. methods: 219 major beta thalassemic patients (119 men, 100 women) and 137 non thalassemic indivi...

Isla Mujeres, Mexico is home to one of the most well-known aggregations of sailfish. Despite its fisheries prominence, little is known about this sailfish assemblage, or its relationship to other aggregation sites in the western Atlantic. In January 2012, April 2013 and 2014, we deployed 34 popup satellite archival tags on sailfish in order to study their behavior, population connectivity and b...

The aim of this study was to examine student perceptions of the educational value of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The examination is administered after the second year of the curriculum, prior to the beginning of clinical training at the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine. The quantitative component of the study consisted of a ...

quartile range of 7.56. For his normal group Mead found the mean age of walking to be 13.88 months. The median was 13.54 months, with a semi-interquartile range of 1.06. Additional information, varying from the results of empirical observation to the findings of statistical study, is available on the age at which normal children begin to walk. Holt and Howland 3 state,'' The first attempts at w...

BACKGROUND In a random effects meta-analysis model, true treatment effects for each study are routinely assumed to follow a normal distribution. However, normality is a restrictive assumption and the misspecification of the random effects distribution may result in a misleading estimate of overall mean for the treatment effect, an inappropriate quantification of heterogeneity across studies and...

BACKGROUND No prospective studies have examined the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in late-onset bipolar disorder. AIMS We tested the hypothesis that elevated levels of CRP are associated cross-sectionally and prospectively with late-onset bipolar disorder, and that such an association possibly is causal. METHOD We performed cross-sectional and prospective analyses with a median follow-up...

BACKGROUND Survey response rates among physicians are declining, and determining an appropriate level of compensation to motivate participation poses a major challenge. OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of permitting intensive care physicians to select their preferred level of compensation for completing a short Web-based survey on physician (1) response rate, (2) survey completion rate, (3) t...

BACKGROUND The wellness construct has application in a number of fields including education, healthcare and counseling, particularly with regard to female adolescents. The effective measurement of wellness in adolescents can assist researchers and practitioners in determining lifestyle behaviors in which they are lacking. Behavior change interventions can then be designed which directly aid in ...

OBJECTIVES To describe the development of the Oxford WebQ, a web-based 24 h dietary assessment tool developed for repeated administration in large prospective studies; and to report the preliminary assessment of its performance for estimating nutrient intakes. DESIGN We developed the Oxford WebQ by repeated testing until it was sufficiently comprehensive and easy to use. For the latest versio...