OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency with which paramedic skills were used in out of hospital cardiac arrest and the effect of tracheal intubation on outcome. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of ambulance service reports and hospital records. SETTING Scottish Ambulance Service and hospitals admitting acute patients throughout Scotland. RESULTS A total of 8651 out of hospital resuscitation attem...

BACKGROUND Monitoring respiratory status using end tidal CO2 (EtCO2), which reliably reflects arterial PaCO2 in intubated patients under general anesthesia, has often proven both inaccurate and inadequate when monitoring non-intubated and spontaneously breathing patients. This is particularly important in patients undergoing procedural sedation (e.g., endoscopy, colonoscopy). This can be undert...

Pulmonary lower lobe atelectasis/collapse is a common problem in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. It also occurs non-intubated with traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries, morbid obesities and chest wall disorders. Conventional manoeuvres such as physiotherapy, bronchodilators positive-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) administration are frequently used its management variable success ...

Advanced Burn Life Support emphasizes endotracheal intubation for patients with facial burns before transfer to a burn center to prevent airway obstruction. Many patients are intubated before transport and are often extubated shortly after burn center arrival. We hypothesize that many intubations performed before burn center transport are unnecessary. We conducted a retrospective review of all ...

Background Corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spread in the world as a great medical crisis. Its pathophysiology, manifestations, complications, and management are not completely defined, yet. In this study frequency of alveolar air leak critically ill COVID-19 subjects is explored. Methods A total 820 who admitted with respiratory insufficiency to ICUs Sina University Hospital from March 20...

Introduction Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a complication of mechanical ventilation that increased ICU length of stay and mortality. Eckert found 26% of trauma patients intubated in the ED develop VAP as compared to 6.5% of those intubated in the ICU. Green demonstrated that 70% of critically ill patients were intubated pre-hospital or in the ED and 18.2% remained in the ED for more ...

• BACKGROUND Little research has been done on pain assessment in critical care, especially in patients who cannot communicate verbally. • OBJECTIVES To describe (1) pain indicators used by nurses and physicians for pain assessment, (2) pain management (pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions) undertaken by nurses to relieve pain, and (3) pain indicators used for pain reassessment b...