MITRAL VALVE CLOSURE has intrigued investigators since William Harvey compared the structure to the valves of a mechanical force pump.1 Chauveau and Fivre2 extended this analogy in 1856 by postulating that mitral closure was produced by the systolic increase in ventricular pressure. This classic "ventriculogenic" explanation of closure was challenged, and by the beginning of this century severa...

At the FTC staff’s request, I prepared this report to discuss the specific difficulties of identifying a spammer by following the electronic trail embedded in spam email. This report will not discuss any investigative technique other than electronic tracing — it will not, for example, discuss tracking spammers based on insider information, spam body analysis, or other investigative techniques t...

We present a rare case of corneal ulcer caused by a species of a coelomycetes fungus, Chaetomium strumarium. This fungal genus is a rare causative agent of keratomycosis, with only a handful of cases reported. The clinical presentation, investigative techniques, and preliminary management of our patient are reported. The cases reported in global literature are also summarized in a tabular form ...

Many biological systems are known to use structural colour effects to generate aspects of their appearance and visibility. The study of these phenomena has informed an eclectic group of fields ranging, for example, from evolutionary processes in behavioural biology to micro-optical devices in technologically engineered systems. However, biological photonic systems are invariably structurally an...

Training in Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) is required for U.S. military members at high risk of capture. This physically and psychologically demanding course is considered an analog to the stress imposed by war, captivity, and related events, thus offering a unique and unprecedented medium in which to systematically examine human stress and performance during a realistically ...

Several properties of the causal organism of strangles, Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi), would lend themselves well to eradication of the disease were our profession, along with the owners of affected horses, united and committed to best practice. Unfortunately the realism of budgetary constraints along with imperfect investigative techniques frequently leads to failure to detect h...

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is a method to generate the switching gate of converter. Overmodulation where index exceeds unity value and system goes into nonlinear region. To maintain in linear region when operating overmodulation region, some techniques are developed. These helped operate range. Medium high-power energy conversion systems mostly use modular multilevel cascaded conv...

Recent prosecutions of highly publicized white-collar crimes combined with public outrage have resulted in heightened regulation of financial reporting and greater emphasis on systems of internal control. Because both white-collar and cybercrimes are usually perpetrated through computers, internal and external auditors’ knowledge of information technology (IT) is now more vital than ever. Howev...