In this paper we propose that “norms-based” intellectual property systems exist and are an important complement to or substitute for law-based intellectual property systems. Normsbased IP systems operate on social norms that are held in common by members of a given community and specify the nature and extent of rights that a group member can assert to intellectual property. They also include pr...

the exhaustion doctrine refers to one of the limits of intellectual property rights. once a product protected of ip right has been marketed either by the ip right owner or by others whit her consent, the ip right owner cannot prohibit the further commercialization (like the resale) of that product. thus , a critical element in determining that the owner of an ip right has exhausted her/his righ...

This paper presents a usage-based tariff model to charge IP guaranteed network services. We consider a future business scenario where the Internet can support application services that need performance guarantees. In this scenario we define the concept of network commodity, that is the transfer of information units between two points of the network. This commodity is associated with a measure a...

PERSPECTIVE: DO NURSING EDUCATION PREPARE STUDENTS FOR APPLYING OF PROFESSIONAL VALUES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE? Batool Poorchangizi, Jamileh Farokhzadian, Fariba Borhani, Abbas Abbaszadeh, Moghaddameh Mirzaee. MSc student of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery and surgical ward nurse in Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Community Healt...

Batool Poorchangizi, Jamileh Farokhzadian, Fariba Borhani, Abbas Abbaszadeh, Moghaddameh Mirzaee. MSc student of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery and surgical ward nurse in Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department o...

Mohammadhiwa Abdekhoda, Narges Salehi, Afsaneh Dehnad. Assistance professor of health information management, department of medical library and information science. School of health management and medical informatics. Tabriz University of medical sciences. Tabriz, Iran; Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management (IceHM).School of Management and Medical Informatics. Tabriz University of M...