Studies on models synthesized by stereochemically controlled routes show that the central triene chromophore in the common cis isomer of phytoene has the irans,cis,trans configuration, and that the phytoene from Flavobacterium dehydrogenans consists mainly of the all-trans isomer. Capsorubin, with the natural configuration at all four chiral centres, has been synthesized from (+)-camphor. Sever...

Alkyldifluorophosphites, ROPF2 (R = ^-substituted benzyl group, neopentyl, 1-adamantyl) have been obtained by a new method, involving reaction of the appropriate alkyl trimethylsilylether, ROSiMe3 with chlorodifluorophosphine, PF2C1. Reactions of these difluorophosphites with platinum(II) complexes of the type [LaPtCla] (L = PEt3, PPI13) led to products such as irans-[L2PtCl(POF2)] and {[p-XC6H...

decentralization is the process of dispersing decision-making closer to the point of peripheral area, service or action. basically decentralized governance, if properly planned and implemented, offers important opportunities for enhanced human development. the studies about this issue in different countries show that most of the decentralizations have been implemented in european countries and ...

health reform is the outcome of dispersed policy initiatives in different sectors, at different levels and across time. policy work which can drive coherent health reform needs to operate across the governance structures as well as the institutions that comprise healthcare systems. building policy capacity to support health reform calls for clarity regarding the nature of such policy work and t...

background informal payments for health care, which are common in many countries, can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status as they lead people to forgo or delay seeking care, or to sell assets to pay for care. many countries are putting reforms in place with the aim of reducing informal payments. in order to be successful, such policies should be informed by the...