Studies on models synthesized by stereochemically controlled routes show that the central triene chromophore in the common cis isomer of phytoene has the irans,cis,trans configuration, and that the phytoene from Flavobacterium dehydrogenans consists mainly of the all-trans isomer. Capsorubin, with the natural configuration at all four chiral centres, has been synthesized from (+)-camphor. Sever...

New nuclear nations are more prone to militarized conflict, though the overall effect of nuclear weapons on conventional disputes is neutral (Horowitz 2009, Gartzke & Jo 2009). Several processes might explain the non-linear relationship between proliferation and conflict. Nominal nuclear status could constitute a capability shock, altering the balance of power and increasing the probability of ...

Existing nuclear deterrence scholarship evinces a pervasive ‘‘existential bias,’’ assuming that once a state merely possesses nuclear weapons, it should be able to deter armed conflict. The empirical literature expresses this bias by simply dichotomously coding a state based on whether it has nuclear weapons, thereby treating all nuclear states as equivalent. Thus, whether nuclear weapons deter...

Alkyldifluorophosphites, ROPF2 (R = ^-substituted benzyl group, neopentyl, 1-adamantyl) have been obtained by a new method, involving reaction of the appropriate alkyl trimethylsilylether, ROSiMe3 with chlorodifluorophosphine, PF2C1. Reactions of these difluorophosphites with platinum(II) complexes of the type [LaPtCla] (L = PEt3, PPI13) led to products such as irans-[L2PtCl(POF2)] and {[p-XC6H...

Mitochondrial interactions with the nuclear genome represent one of life's most important co-evolved mutualisms. In many organisms, mitochondria are maternally inherited, and in these cases, co-transmission between the mitochondrial and nuclear genes differs across different parts of the nuclear genome, with genes on the X chromosome having two-third probability of co-transmission, compared wit...

determining the governing law on obligations of the commercial instruments ,and what criteria existsfor determining the governingin law inthe case of their mutual agreement or silence , is one of the most significant problems with which the investigator faces. in this article, it was attempted to examine the theories used for determining the qualified law of obligations of the commercial instru...