Irrigation systems are as old as man itself since agriculture is the foremost occupation of civilized humanity. To irrigate large areas of plants is an onerous job. In order to overcome this problem many irrigation scheduling techniques have been developed which are mainly based on monitoring the soil, crop and weather conditions. Irrigation scheduling engrosses when to irrigate and how much wa...

factor  is introduced for direct head loss calculation and sizing in dual-diameter laterals of sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems when the hazen-williams equation is to be applied. application of this factor prevents trial and error and uses fewer head-loss equations in calculating the total friction loss and designing dual-diameter laterals. the proposed factor is a function of total num...

Introduction This in vitro study was designed to evaluate and compare different endodontic irrigation and activation systems for removal of the intracanal smear layer. Methods and Materials Forty recently extracted, non-carious human intact single rooted premolars were selected and divided into five groups (n=10) according to the root canal irrigation systems; syringe and needle irrigation (C...

This paper presents a systematic study of the relation between the size of irrigation systems and the management of uncertainty. We specifically focus on studying, through a stylized theoretical model, how stochasticity in water availability and taxation interacts with the stochastic behavior of the population within irrigation systems. Our results indicate the existence of two key population t...

abstract one of the technologies that deal with efficient use of water is sprinkler irrigation systems. if farmers are to continue the use of sprinkler systems which may be crucial in agricultural development, educational programs should be tailored to their needs. therefore, the main purpose of this study was to analyze educational needs of farmers equipped with sprinkler irrigation. furthermo...

Irrigation systems were clearly important in ancient times in supplying crops with water. This requires physical distribution facilities and socio-political arrangements to coordinate between actors. Resulting systems are highly diverse, and are being studied extensively within archeology and history. Whether initiated by a central authority or emerging from small-scale initiatives, irrigation ...

Centre Pivots and Lateral Moves in the Australian Cotton Industry Centre Pivots and Lateral Moves (CP&LMs) or overhead irrigation systems have been successfully installed in every cotton growing district in Australia. This industry now has the capacity to broaden the uptake of this irrigation technology, and benefit from its simplicity and improved water use efficiency while moving away from fa...