CpG islands are important in the protection of adjacent housekeeping genes from de novo DNA methylation and for keeping them in a transcriptionally active state. However, little is known about their capacity to protect heterologous genes and assure position-independent transcription of adjacent transgenes or retroviral vectors. To tackle this question, we have used the mouse aprt CpG island to ...

Unmethylated CpG islands are known to keep adjacent promoters transcriptionally active. In the CpG island adjacent to the adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase gene, the protection against transcriptional silencing can be attributed to the short CpG-rich core element containing Sp1 binding sites. We report here the insertion of this CpG island core element, IE, into the long terminal repeat of a ...

There is growing consensus that genome organization and long-range gene regulation involves partitioning of the genome into domains of distinct epigenetic chromatin states. Chromatin insulator or barrier elements are key components of these processes as they can establish boundaries between chromatin states. The ability of elements such as the paradigm beta-globin HS4 insulator to block the ran...

Electric distribution networks have a simple protection system including fuses, re-closers, and overcurrent relays. One of the negative effects of DG installation in distribution network is miscoordination of protection devices and conflict between DG operation as islanding mode and protection purposes. This paper for overcoming to this difficulty proposes an efficient algorithm based on dividi...

Social security and social protection concepts are gaining importance, especially in the Pacific Island countries (PICs). The state-led welfare and social protection system is limited in PICs, where there has been a heavy reliance on traditional, informal and non-state social protection systems which are provided through extended family, kinship, and community. The aim of the paper is to examin...

introductionpersian gulf is a water body at the margin of indian ocean which makes way to oman sea and indian oceanthrough the strait of hormuz with the minimum width of 56 km. specific condition of the persian gulf such ashigh evaporation, high salinity, aqueous species diversity, fisheries value and especially oil sources of the area,which have extra importance in the world, have made it a se...

this paper is concerned with the economic valuation of the coral reef within kish island in persian gulf of iran. for calculating this value, all components of use and non-use values are estimated and then according to each of them, suitable method has applied. many different evaluation tools such as contingent valuation method, zonal travel cost method, replacement cost, avoided cost method, ...

Malaria has been officially eradicated from the Reunion Island since 1979. However, a potentially active vector of the disease - Anopheles arabiensis - persists on the island. The risk of resurgence is quite significant. More than 90%of the patients presenting a malarial infection in Reunion Island after a stay in Madagascar or in the Comoros had followed a chemoprophylaxis that was not in acco...

A field study was carried out to evaluate the mosquito repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil in tribal village of Car Nicobar Island. Results revealed that application of 1 ml of the oil provided 98.7% protection in indoor and 96.52% in outdoor conditions during 12 h period of observation from the bites of An. sundaicus. Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofi...