Abstract. The observing strategy of the Geostationary Carbon Observatory (GeoCarb), which is a “step and stare” approach, can lead to distortions in instrument spectral response function (ISRF) when there are gradients brightness across field view. These induce errors retrieved trace gases. In order minimize these errors, GeoCarb design was modified include “slit homogenizer” whose purpose scra...

We present high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations of isolated dwarf galaxies including self-gravity, non-equilibrium cooling and chemistry, interstellar radiation fields (ISRF) and shielding, star formation, and stellar feedback. This includes spatially and temporally varying photoelectric (PE) heating, photoionization, resolved supernova (SN) blast waves and metal enrichment. A new flexibl...

Line emission is strongly dependent on the local environmental conditions in which the emitting tracers reside. In this work, we focus on modelling the CO emission from simulated giant molecular clouds (GMCs), and study the variations in the resulting line ratios arising from the emission from the J = 1–0, J = 2–1, and J = 3–2 transitions. We perform a set of smoothed particle hydrodynamics sim...

In cold molecular clouds submillimetre emission lines are excited by the ambient radiation field. The pumping is dominated by the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It is usual in molecular line radiative transfer modelling to simply assume that this is the only incident radiation field. In this paper, a molecular line transport code and a dust radiative transfer code are used to explore the ef...

Abstract. Spatially heterogeneous Earth radiance scenes affect the atmospheric composition measurements of high-resolution observation spectrometer missions. The scene heterogeneity creates a pseudo-random deformation instrument spectral response function (ISRF). ISRF is direct link between forward radiative transfer model, used to retrieve state, and spectra measured by instrument. Hence, dist...

Abstract We study the carbon monoxide (CO) excitation, mean molecular gas density, and interstellar radiation field (ISRF) intensity in a comprehensive sample of 76 galaxies from local to high redshift ( z ∼ 0–6), selected based on detections their CO transitions J = 2 → 1 5 4 optical/infrared/(sub)millimeter spectral energy distributions (SEDs). confirm existence tight correlation between exci...

in this paper, we introduce and study the concepts of $mathcal{i}_2$-convergence, $mathcal{i}_2^{*}$-convergence for double sequences of fuzzy real numbers, where $mathcal{i}_2$ denotes the ideal of subsets of $mathbb n times mathbb n$. also, we study some properties and relations of them.