We analyze the economic and emissions impacts on U.S. commercial aviation of the Federal Aviation Administration’s renewable jet fuel goal when met using advanced fermentation (AF) fuel from perennial grasses. These fuels have recently been certified for use in aircraft and could potentially provide greater environmental benefits than aviation biofuels approved previously. Due to uncertainties ...

The main objective of this research is to study the effects of JP-4-biodiesel-diesel fuel blends and operating parameters on the emission characteristics of a CI engine. The experimental tests were performed on a four-cylinder DI diesel engine. The Mixture-RSM method was used to develop mathematical models based on experimental data. The results showed that with the increase of the biodiesel pr...

A systematic experimental study was performed to elucidate the conditions for which cellular patterns of diluted hydrogen diffusion flames near extinction were observed. The formation of cellular instabilities was studied for several burners: jet burners (axisymmetric jet and two-dimensional jet) and a novel one-dimensional burner. The fuel and oxidizer Lewis numbers and the initial mixture str...

Previous reports indicated that inhalation of JP-8 aviation turbine fuel is immunosuppressive. However, in some of those studies, the exposure concentrations were underestimated, and percent of test article as vapor or aerosol was not determined. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the observed effects are attributable to the base hydrocarbon fuel (jet fuel kerosene) or to the various fuel addit...

Over 2 million military and civilian personnel per year (over 1 million in the United States) are occupationally exposed, respectively, to jet propulsion fuel-8 (JP-8), JP-8 +100 or JP-5, or to the civil aviation equivalents Jet A or Jet A-1. Approximately 60 billion gallon of these kerosene-based jet fuels are annually consumed worldwide (26 billion gallon in the United States), including over...

While most research on hedging has focused on foreign currency exposures, analysis of jet fuel price exposure in the airline industry and the effects of both financial and operational hedging on this exposure provides valuable insights into risk management. Exposure and hedging in the airline industry is relatively straightforward compared to foreign exchange hedging by multinationals. We inves...

We propose a dynamic hedging strategy for jet fuel which strikes a balance between hedging against jumps in the price of jet fuel and placing bets that the price will rise, lowering the overall cost of jet fuel. We model the commodity price using an unobservable two-factor model that allows mean-reversion in short-term prices and uncertainty in the equilibrium level to which prices revert. We c...

In a scramjet, the fuel can be used to cool down the engine walls. The thermal decomposition of the jet fuel changes the reacting mixture before its combustion. A numerical study of the pyrolysis of norbornane, a jet fuel surrogate, has been performed. Rate constants of some sensitive reaction channels have been calculated by means of quantum chemical calculations at the CBS-QB3 level of theory...

Many of the nation's largest airports, including Los Angeles International Airport, the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Chicago O'Hare International Airport and Washington Dulles International Airport are located within areas designated by the EPA as having ambient particulate matter concentrations that exceed National Ambient Air Quality standards. When inhaled, fine particul...

Dermal exposure to military (JP-8) and/or commercial (Jet-A) jet fuel suppresses cell-mediated immune reactions. Immune regulatory cytokines and biological modifiers, including platelet activating factor (PAF), prostaglandin E(2), and interleukin-10, have been implicated in the pathway of events leading to immune suppression. It is estimated that approximately 260 different hydrocarbons are fou...