Abstract Numerous Roman grants to local communities of the right use law survive in contemporaneous copies starting second century BCE. Contemporaneous with these autonomy, Rome urged institutional changes that reconstituted elites as aristocracies office. By contrast, evidence individuals identified themselves experts survives bulk only CE. The paper urges superimposition courts instance creat...

The public debate concerning evaluation of evidence in criminal cases has been characterised by a couple of misconceptions. The first is linked with criticism, frequent among both laymen and jurists, directed at the courts for having relaxed the required standard of proof with regard to a certain case or a certain type of cases. The second misunderstanding, which arises for obvious reasons only...

The recent history of Islamic finance is riddled with a number of paradoxes. First, there is a great rift between the economics literature on Islamic finance, and the practical approaches taken by financial experts and practitioners in the area. Second, despite two or more decades of rhetoric regarding the development of uniform standards for Islamic finance, the market remains largely segmente...

In this paper, attempts will be made to study and understand the lawful and unlawful foods in the light of Islamic Medical law focus on ethical aspect that has been practiced during Islamic civilization. We will realize that lawful and unlawful foods are not, as some imagine, mere pretense, but rather constitute the divine command which protects against many diseases. In order to present such a...

This paper reviews the standpoints of Muslim jurists within the Sunni tradition on organ transplantation. Muslim jurists allowed different forms of bone grafts (autograft, allograft and xenograft) for widely broken bones. Ibn Sina in 1037 discussed this subject in Al-Kanoon 1000 years ago. In 1959, the Muftis of Egypt and Tunisia allowed, under specific conditions, corneal transplants from dead...

This article provides a contribution to the debate about the processes of circulation of knowledge and meanings among experts and laymen regarding the status of human embryos in Portugal. It weighs up the expectations and concerns regarding the reliability, quality, safety and efficacy of medically assisted reproductive technologies. Individual interviews, aimed at exploring the complexities, s...