The objective of this paper is to determine the possible link between economic growth and electricity access rate. An autoregressive lag model (ARDL) on panel data from 1998 2019 for West African Economic Monetary Union (WAEMU) member states was used. This shows that in long term, rate has a positive impact WAEMU states. In short significant only Benin. results Granger causality test show an un...

The main aims of this study are to examine the income disparities’ evolution among West-African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries over period 1980-2019, determine whether reforms implemented in region since 1994 have helped reduce or accentuate disparities Member States Union. approach used for analysis is that sigma-convergence. It consists studying dispersion time, stand...

Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa has one of the dynamic economies in world. Unfortunately, performance achieve not led to a reduction social issues. So, government are making massive investment overcome This public highlights exogenous nature current economic growth. change strategy management sub-Saharan is required. One solution remains paradigm: transition from with decreased return endogenous in...

A hierarchical framework is proposed to address the issues of modeling different type of words in keyword spotting (KWS). Keyword models are built at various levels according to the availability of training set resources for each individual word. The proposed approach improves the performance of KWS even when no training speech is available for the keywords. It also suggests an easier way to co...

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For decades, the literature on relationship between official development assistance (ODA) and economic growth is characterized by ambiguity. This study removes such ambiguity for West African Economic Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries considering gross domestic product (GDP) according to production perspective paying attention spatial spillover effects. The results obtained system generalized me...