About 110 years ago, Iran experienced a revolution, which was known to be an attempt for development and modernization. The revolutionary roots had been established by new-coming social forces named as intellectuals. Since studying the past highlights the future, the necessity of intellectuals’ discourse as well as understanding their discourse strategies on the road to development and modernit...

Smallpox, which currently is only of historical interest, was once one of the most terrible illnesses with high mortality and morbidity. In the late 18th century, the English physician and naturalist, Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823), discovered an efficient preventive technique against smallpox which he termed "vaccination". Afterwards, the practice of vaccination gradually became widespread when f...

in a period of 5 years (1371-1375), 87 cases of septic abortion were analyzed in mirza koochak-khan hospital. most cases were in 21-25 years old group (28.7%) and most of them were in 5 or more gravidity group (48.2%). fever was the most important symptom in these patients (80.4%). in this 5 years, period patients have paid 45900000 rls for septic abortion. treatment for most patients was antim...

according adhar bigdili, muhammad ali was son of abdal biq naqqashbashi (painter laureate)and grandson of aliquli biq jabadar, court painter of shah safi and shah abbas ii safawi. adhar bigdili credited muhammad ali with naqqashbashi of shah tahmasp ii safawi and nadir shah afshar. having learnt the art of painting from his father, muhamma ali in turn trained ali ashraf, who worked under patron...

He was born to a famous family of Farman Farmaian. His father, AbdolHossein Mirza Farman Farmaian, the grandson of Abbas Mirza and Fath-Ali Shah, was born in 1852, in Tabriz. He was known as “Salar Lashkar” and “Farman Farma”. He finished his elementary studies at Dar ul-Funun, after which he went to an Austrian school to learn military skills. He held numerous critical positions during 1881-19...

taqaddom, a literary scientific, political, social and humour magazine was licensed to publish in 1925, when reza khan, the army commander, came into power. its licence holders were mirza ahmad khan faramarzj and his brother abdurrahman, afetr a two-year del a jurist issue of the magazine was published in 64 pages in sep. 1927. according to abdorrahman faramarzl, the magazine bad been planned t...

Kādiyânîlik, Mirza Gulam Ahmed’in fikirleri çerçevesinde, 19. yüzyılın sonlarında Hindistan’da ortaya çıkmış bir mezheptir. Ahmed, müceddid, mehdi, mesih ve nebi gibi mesiyanik iddialarla çıkmıştır. kendini kurtarıcı ilan ettiği dönem, İngilizlerin Hindistan’ı işgal etme planları nedeniyle toplumda yaşanan büyük ümitsizlik hayal kırıklığının meydana geldiği 18. yüzyıla denk gelmektedir. cihadın...