The Nematodes are roundworms that are found in every environment of the earth. While some species are harmful parasites, others play a vital role in nutrient cycle and medical research. Nematode infestation in the fields is poly-specific; however, depending on the agro-climatic conditions, one or two species are dominant over the rest. The present studies attempts to observe and control the roo...

in this study two bacillus pumilus including toirft- kc806241 and toirma-kc806242 were obtained from tomato fields and characterized based on phenotypic and molecular properties. their possibility to reduce root knot disease of tomato caused by meloidogyne javanica was evaluated. the experiments were done in lab and under pot conditions. application of the toir-ma against m. javanica reduced th...

This paper is a very brief introduction to knot theory. It describes knot coloring by quandles, the fundamental group of a knot complement, and handle-decompositions of knot complements.

We have a knot quandle and a fundamental class as invariants for a surface-knot. These invariants can be defined for a classical knot in a similar way, and it is known that the pair of them is a complete invariant for classical knots. In this paper, we compare a situation in surface-knot theory with that in classical knot theory, and prove the following: There exist arbitrarily many inequivalen...

Background: Forces applied to knots used for interrupted vs. continuous closures are very different. We studied the knot strength and knot security of three knots when simulating a continuous wound closure: the square, the sliding, and a hybrid constructed using a surgeon’s square knot followed by a sliding knot. Materials and Methods: Knot holding capacity (KHC) of single-strand 1-0 polypropyl...

The 2-bridge knots (or links) are a family of knots with bridge number 2. A 2bridge knot (link) has at most 2 components. Except for the knot 85, the first 25 knots in the Rolfsen Knot Table are 2-bridge knots. A 2-bridge knot is also called a rational knot because it can be obtained as the numerator or denominator closure of a rational tangle. The rich mathematical aspects of 2-bridge knots ca...

Generalized knot groups Gn(K) were introduced independently by Kelly (1991) and Wada (1992). We prove that G2(K) determines the unoriented knot type and sketch a proof of the same for Gn(K) for n > 2. 1. The 2–generalized knot group Generalized knot groups were introduced independently by Kelly [5] and Wada [10]. Wada arrived at these group invariants of knots by searching for homomorphisms of ...

We study the size distribution of spontaneous knots on semiflexible chains confined in square cross-section channels using Monte Carlo simulations. The most probable knot size, i.e. the metastable knot size, is found to vary nonmonotonically with the channel size. In the case of weak confinement, the metastable knot size is larger than the knot size in bulk because the segments within the knot ...

We introduce two numerical invariants, the waist and the trunk of knots. The waist of a closed incompressible surface in the complement of a knot is defined as the minimal intersection number of all compressing disks for the surface in the 3-sphere and the knot. Then the waist of a knot is defined as the maximal waist of all closed incompressible surfaces in the complement of the knot. On the o...