background and objectives: dna ladder contains dna fragments of different length but with known size, used to determine the size of unknown dna molecules. different dna ladders are available for expected dna length. conserved sequences were selected for design of primers to generate dna fragments of known specific size. materials and methods: in this study, we describe a method by which dna lad...

In this expository paper we show how one can, in a uniform way, calculate the weight distributions of some well-known binary cyclic codes. The codes are related to certain families of curves, and the weight distributions are related to the distribution of the number of rational points on the curves.

Radio pulsar observations can be used to test aspects of general relativity from equivalence principle violations to binary orbital effects in the strong-field regime. This article summarizes the status of such tests at the start of the meeting, and describes two new tests made possible by recent observations of well-known binary pulsar systems.

Background: Adipokins are cytokines predominantely or exclusively expressed by adipose tissue that circulate and affect target tissues. Four known adipokines, adiponectin, visfatin/PBEF, omentin and vaspin, all increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, and are thus described as ’beneficial’. In this review such biological actions and potential roles of the adipokines leptin, adiponectin and resis...

This paper discusses a known-plaintext attack on a redundancy reducing cipher method which is proposed by Wayner. We also propose an extension of Wayner’s redundancy reducing cipher scheme so that the security will be improved greatly.