Professional maternity care organizations within the United States are aligned in the goal to prevent the first cesarean birth in nulliparous women with a term, singleton, vertex fetus. Currently, one in 3 women are at risk for having a cesarean birth. The most common reason for cesarean in the United States is labor dystocia. The evidence supports delaying admission to the birthing unit until ...

Regio~lal variations in labor costs attract a great deal of attention because of their poterttial to affect the regional distribution of eco~lomic activity. Because of the tnajor role that labor costs play in total production costs, regional differences in labor costs Inay translate into dramatic regional differences in profitability. Profitability, in turn, is a major determinant of a~hether o...

OBJECTIVE To review obstetric practice in a single maternity hospital with respect to the assisted vaginal delivery rate. METHOD A retrospective analysis of the hospital statistics, labor ward records, casenotes and management protocols with respect to the second stage of labor was performed in a single maternity unit in the UK; the study included 43352 women who delivered a baby between the ...

Many have argued that if labor hicome is difference stationary, the permanent income hypothesis predicts consumption should be relatively volatile. In US an-gregate data, labor income is well-characterized as having a unit root; however consumption turns out to be relatively smooth. This anomaly is known as Deaton's paradox. We resolve Deaton^s paradox by providing decompositions of labor incom...

at the present, many drugs are used for inhibition of uterine contractions, but the proportions of preterm labors are increasing. although magnesium sulfate is the most commonly prescribed parenteral tocolytic agent, but its optimal use has yet to be delineated. in this study a high-dose protocol for magnesium sulfate tocolytic therapy was compared with a low-dose regimen. one-hundred patients ...

BACKGROUND Satisfaction with birth care is part of quality assessment of care. The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences in satisfaction with intrapartum care among low-risk women, randomized to a midwifery unit or to an obstetric unit within the same hospital. METHODS Randomized controlled trial conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Østfold Hospital Tr...

This paper studies the optimal non linear income tax of couples. We build a general unitary model of labor supply and allow multidimensional heterogeneity in a discrete type framework. We concentrate our analysis on the resulting intra-family labor allocation of labor supplies and show that this analysis is strongly related to the choice of the tax unit (individual versus joint taxation). We gi...

Labor is direct input of human work always accounted for as being a foreground input. Direct labor is accounted for as working hours or years applied and the quality of the worker (unskilled, trained, educated, etc) using Unit Emergy Values for labor based on level of training and education (seJ/person/time). In practice, however, the emergy value of direct labor is computed through the money p...