The centre of the Turku city by the river of Aurajoki in Finland has been built on clay and silt soil. The level of the ground water has been constantly lowering during the last few centuries due to the postglacial land uplift and extensive water usage leaving the old wooden pilework exposed to decaying. The decaying has led to the subsidence of some historical buildings in the old centre of Tu...

the best quadratic unbiased estimation (bque) of variance components in the gauss-helmert model is used to combine adjustment of gps/levelling and geoid to determine the individual variance components for each of the three height types. through the research, different reasons for achievement of the negative variance components were discussed and a new modified version of the best quadratic unbi...

Land levelling is one of the most energy-demanding steps in soil preparation. There are many limiting factors for a specific land operation, such as fertile topsoil conservation, limited allowed slope, cut to fill ratio, etc. These limitations make optimisation problems even more complicated. In this research, three computational and evolutionary methods including ICA, PSO, GA along with MLS we...

Levelling is the most precise technique for height difference measurements in geomatics engineering. Various systematic errors affect precise levelling observations and reduce the precision of the observed height differences. This study investigates digital levels residual compensator error and observational method for its elimination. For this purpose the levelling data, which was collected wi...

Flash filestores have a variety of unique features that lead to interesting design constraints. One challenge is that of ensuring that each block of the drive is used and erased evenly, known as “wear-levelling”. This paper presents a novel approach to the analysis of wear-levelling algorithms using probabilistic specification and analysis techniques. A simplified version of the wear-levelling ...

It is a consequence of theorems of Gordon–Reid [4] and Thompson [8] that a tunnel number one knot, if put in thin position, will also be in bridge position. We show that in such a thin presentation, the tunnel can be made level so that it lies in a level sphere. This settles a question raised by Morimoto [6], who showed that the (now known) classification of unknotting tunnels for 2–bridge knot...

We adopt automatic language recognition methods to study dialect levelling — a phenomenon that leads to reduced structural differences among dialects in a given spoken language. In terms of dialect characterisation, levelling is a nuisance variable that adversely affects recognition accuracy: the more similar two dialects are, the harder it is to set them apart. We address levelling in Finnish ...