hara biosphere reserve in southern hormozgan province with 85686 hectares areas is located between bandar khamir and queshm island. this area can be considered as the most spectacular regions of iran for a unique coastal seascape. mangrove forests and amazing biodiversity make this region as the most significant ecotourism areas throughout the country. this research attempts to determine recrea...

The scene simulation is one of the kernel methods in developing the navigation simulator, and terrain is one of the important components of the scene simulation. According to the basic request on terrain protraction in the visual system of navigation simulatorand the software and hardware platform of the existing navigation simulator. Many useful results of bivariable functions have been obtain...

JEL classification: Q1 Q2 Q5 Most ecosystem services (ES) are neither priced nor marketed. Resource managers may fail to take into account degradation of unpriced services in their resource management decisions. Being able to estimate values for ES is fundamental to designing policies to induce resource users to provide (or improve) ES at levels that are acceptable to society. Conducting ecosys...

Human activities often drive landscape degradation and the associated loss of value. This paper describes a method that, by integrating multiple factors, characterize value to establish relevant effective management practices. The new integrated for assessment (IMLA) is four-step model that includes: (i) establishment general theoretical basis sustainability metrics; (ii) characterization lands...

Our research focuses on the fast-changing landscape of contemporary social media where user-generated content is increasingly being used to evaluate a wide range of products and services. The move to online valuations is raising important questions about how valuations change when they are produced online by consumers, and what outcomes they generate for the organizations being evaluated. To ad...

In this paper, installment options on the underlying asset which evolves according to Black-Scholes model and pays constant dividend to its owner will be considered. Applying arbitrage pricing theory, the non-homogeneous parabolic partial differential equation governing the value of installment option is derived. Then, penalty method is used to value the European continuous installment call opt...

This paper attempts to review the literature and the emerging policy issues on valuation of plant diversity for pharmaceutical uses. Some of the acclaimed valuation works done in the last 15 years (1985–2000) have been considered for this purpose. Their methodologies have been scrutinized, findings evaluated and policy recommendations examined. Since these studies were meant to address differen...