background hispanics comprise 17% of the total u.s. population, surpassing african-americans as the largest minority group. linguistically, almost 60 million people speak a language other than english. this language diversity can create barriers and additional burden and risk when seeking health services. patients with limited english proficiency (lep) for example, have been shown to experience...

background the presence of arterio-venous (a-v) fistula recirculation among hemodialysis (hd) patients markedly decrease adequacy of dialysis. objectives the present article summarize some of observations about clinical significance, causes, the most common techniques for measurement, and main source of pitfall in calculation of access recirculation. materials and methods a variety of literatur...