game-based practicing of materials can be seen as a method of capturing an essence of real- life expe-rience which is commonly missing in the conventional face-to-face classrooms. to serve the l2 learn-ers' immediate communicative needs in wider classroom and societal contexts, this study sought to place l2 english learners within an interactional social framework through reinforcing their...

Traditional methods of learning a second language are often difficult, frustrating, and time-consuming. Typical classroom strategies employ memorization and drills which are often intimidating and frequently ineffective. Communication among people in an ever increasingly connected world with a vast array of languages utilized is vital for so many parts of society. The goal of our research is to...

The book under review makes certain claims about natural languages couched in mathematical terms. And so I begin with a caveat (see also Manaster Ramer 1992): as in far too many other books and articles in our field, Ristad consistently and mistakenly uses the words prove and proof when speaking not only about the results concerning welldefined mathematical objects (i.e., formal languages), but...

This paper concerns two composite Lewis-Skyrms signaling games. Each consists in a base game that evolves a language descriptive of nature and a metagame that coevolves a language descriptive of the base game and its evolving language. The first composite game shows how a pragmatic notion of truth might coevolve with a simple descriptive language. The second shows how a pragmatic notion of prob...