California bay laurel trees (Umbellularia californica) play a crucial role in the reproduction and survival of Phytophthora ramorum in coastal California forests by supporting sporulation during the rainy season and by providing a means for the pathogen to survive the dry, Mediterranean summer. While bay laurel is thus critical to the epidemiology of sudden oak death and other P. ramorum diseas...

Food and cleaning products are the most basic living materials. Soap is a agent. The first known record of production soap, belong Sumerians in BC 2500 years. making has been developed survived to present day. olive laurel plants used construction natural soap. Olive daphne typical Mediterranean climate. among be tamed. plant grows naturally not cultured. soap today transferred literature prese...

Louis Balsama1 & James Weese2† †Author for correspondence 1University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey– School of Osteopathic Medicine (UMDNJ-SOM), Suite 2500 University Doctors Pavilion, 42 E. Laurel Rd, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA 2University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey– School of Osteopathic Medicine (UMDNJ-SOM), Suite 2500 University Doctors Pavilion, 42 E. Laurel Rd, Stratf...

As the nodes are self resourced in ad hoc networks, the denial of service as relay hop by any node is frequent. This is due to resource levels of that node are lower than the threshold, in another act the node may be irrational and selfish. In such cases the irrational or selfish nodes leads to attacks such as black-hole and grey-hole and also causes the poor routing performance under metrics s...

Introduced plant pathogens have major ecological impacts in many parts of the world. While the spread of pathogens can be strongly mediated by the composition and structure of local host plant communities, little is known about effects of plant community structure on invasion dynamics of introduced pathogens. The progress of infection by the invasive pathogen Phytophthora ramorum in coastal Cal...

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a very toxic environmental pollutant that raises great public concern about its impact on human health. Recent studies indicate that laurel leaf extract exhibits antioxidant properties that can counter the toxic effects of certain compounds in the liver. The aim of this study was to assess how effective LE is against the toxicity of TCDD in a primar...

The ecophysiologic role of fog in the evergreen heath-laurel 'laurisilva' cloud forests of the Canary Islands has not been unequivocally demonstrated, although it is generally assumed that fog water is important for the survival and the distribution of this relict paleoecosystem of the North Atlantic Macaronesian archipelagos. To determine the role of fog in this ecosystem, we combined direct t...