(w ww .m ed kn ow .co m) . shoes and to the inner surface of the sandal strap of the third volunteer. The pieces were left in place for one week during which period, the volunteers used the shoes routinely. A small piece of leather 1 x 1 cm in size was removed after one week from each of the six pieces and subjected to spot testing with DPC. Of these six pieces of leather, all the leather piece...

The visual appearance of seamless dyed edges of luxury leather goods represents a key issue in terms of quality grading since a high-quality leather has to be characterized by homogeneously coloured and shaped edges with uniform ink thickness. Despite a huge literature produced by scientific and technical community to automate many leather manufacturing processes, since leather patches are ofte...

In order to detect the defects in the leather sample in an automated way, the image of the leather sample has to be captured properly. To properly capture the images of the leather sample, we have implemented an auto exposure algorithm based on false position method which is discussed in this paper. This algorithm can also be used to properly expose the natural scenes

Tannery wastewater usually contains a high salinity due to the use of sodium chloride (NaCl) in curing and pickling. Although some no-pickle tanning and salt-free pickling technologies were developed, few of them have been widely used due to relatively poor mechanical and bulk properties of the resultant leather. Therefore, the role of NaCl in pickling and tanning should be elucidated in the fi...

Despite the high competition of synthetic fibers leather is nowadays still widely used for many applications. In order to ensure a sufficient stability of the skin matrix against many factors, such as microbial degradation, heat and sweat, a tanning process is indispensable. Using chromium (III) for this purpose offers a multitude of advantages, thus this way of tanning is widely applied. Durin...

The leather nesting problem is a cutting and packing optimization problem that consists in finding the best layout for a set of irregular pieces within a natural leather hide with an irregular surface and contour. In this paper, we address a real application of this problem related to the production of car seats in the automotive industry. The high quality requirements imposed on these products...

The efficient removal of proteoglycans, such as decorin, from the hide when processing it to leather by traditional means is generally acceptable and beneficial for leather quality, especially for softness and flexibility. A patented waterless or acetone dehydration method that can generate a product similar to leather called Dried Collagenous Biomaterial (known as BCD) was developed but has no...

leather artifacts have organic and degradable structure and some historic samples have remained from different historical periods. studies of these scarce specimens have a great importance in the conservation procedure by which the structural study of leather artifact for understanding production process and used materials can be achieved. for this purpose a historic leather bottle has been stu...

On the other hand, if not correctly operated there is a potential risk involved using chromium for tanning in terms of toxicity relating to hexavalent chrome. Since leather is a component in many consumer articles, and unfortunately still by-products and waste is generated in the leather manufacturing process, it is an important responsibility of the leather industry to manage and fully control...

This paper attempts to examine the impact of major variables affecting export performance of leather goods from Pakistan using primary data source. The exporters from Punjab province were taken as the sampling frame as they share almost 90 percent of total leather exports from Pakistan. In Punjab, leather production and export facilities are primarily located in district Sialkot and Kasur. A re...