the history of islamic jurisprudence has witnessed two heterogeneous yet apparently similar trends – although in two different periods of time and manifestations. one is the akhbāriyya movement in imāmī school, which, with a new approach to practicing sharī‘a and while negating ijtihād (legal reasoning), regards intellect as being unable to achieve legal rulings. the second trend is the salafiy...

It is an important task for a law professor to educate law students in the skill of legal reasoning. A legal expert system is a computer system,, which entails legal knowledge of lawyers as legal experts in its knowledge base. The legal knowledge involves not only written, explicit knowledge like conventions, statutes, cases, commentaries etc., but also implicit legal knowledge which a lawyer u...

This paper presents a summary of the responses of a panel to issues on AI and legal reasoning. The panel consisted Among the issues addressed by the panel were: 1. What are the characteristics of the legal domain that make it interesting or amenable to AI approaches-what is special about it; 2. The open-textured nature of legal concepts and the implications this has for using Al-techniques, esp...

A popular view of what Artificial Intelligence can do for lawyers is that it can do no more than deduce the consequences from a precisely stated set of facts and legal rules. This immediately makes many lawyers sceptical about the usefulness of such systems: this mechanical approach seems to leave out most of what is important in legal reasoning. A case does not appear as a set of facts, but ra...

Unlike research in linguistics and artificial intelligence, legal research has not used advances in logical theory very effectively. This article uses default logic to develop a paradigm for analyzing the reasoning behind legal fact-finding. The article provides a formal model that integrates legal rules and policies with the evaluation of both expert and nonexpert evidence—whether the fact-fin...

in the legal systems of rome - germanic, there is unique sources and unique elements for the obligations that talking of obligations commons isn’t useless. in spit of this there was confused reasoning in law of rome and french law that it has been effective on law of obligations of the other country end iran and nowadays in news books of obligations in french law before of the other topics and ...