Lateral gene transfer (LGT) profoundly shapes the evolution of bacterial lineages. LGT across disparate phylogenetic groups and genome content diversity between related organisms suggest a model of bacterial evolution that views LGT as rampant and promiscuous. It has even driven the argument that species concepts and tree-based phylogenetics cannot be applied to bacteria. Here, we show that acq...

solver We extend the parallel SSOR procedure for the eecient preconditioning of modern Krylov subspace solvers 1], recently introduced in 2] towards higher order, quantum-improved discretization schemes 3] for lattice quantum chromodynamics 4]. 1. Solving linear systems in LGT. Lattice gauge theory (LGT) deals with the controlled numerical evaluation of gauge theories like quantum chromodynamic...

Phosphatidylglycerol:prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) is the first enzyme in the posttranslational sequence of reactions resulting in the lipid modification of lipoproteins in bacteria. A previous comparison of the primary sequences of the Lgt enzymes from phylogenetically distant bacterial species revealed several highly conserved amino acid sequences throughout the molecule; th...

Perhaps the most-surprising discovery of the genome era has been the extent to which prokaryotic and many eukaryotic genomes incorporate genetic material from sources other than their parent(s). Lateral genetic transfer (LGT) among bacteria was first observed about 100 years ago, and is now accepted to underlie important phenomena including the spread of antibiotic resistance and ability to deg...

Preprolipopoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) is the gating enzyme of lipoprotein biosynthesis, and it attaches a lipid structure to the N-terminal part of preprolipoproteins. Using Lgt from Escherichia coli in a BLASTp search, we identified the corresponding Lgt homologue in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and two homologous (MSMEG_3222 and MSMEG_5408) Lgt in Mycobacterium smegmatis. M. tube...

I construct a Lattice Gauge Theory (LGT) with discrete Z2 structure group and an equivariant BRST symmetry that for gauge invariant observables is equivalent to the standard SU(2)-LGT. The measure of this Z2-LGT is invariant under all the discrete symmetries of the lattice. The SU(2) structure group of the original LGT is first reduced to an U(1) structure group by an equivariant BRST construct...

I construct a Lattice Gauge Theory (LGT) with discrete Z2 structure group and an equivariant BRST symmetry that for gauge invariant observables is equivalent to the standard SU(2)-LGT. The measure of this Z2-LGT is invariant under all the discrete symmetries of the lattice. The SU(2) structure group of the original LGT is first reduced to an U(1) structure group by an equivariant BRST construct...

The transfer of genetic materials across species (lateral genetic transfer, LGT) contributes to genomic and physiological innovation in prokaryotes. The extent of LGT in prokaryotes has been examined in a number of studies, but the unit of transfer has not been studied in a rigorous manner. Using a rigorous phylogenetic approach, we analysed the units of LGT within families of single-copy genes...

Lateral gene transfer (LGT) is an important mechanism of natural variation among prokaryotes. Over the full course of evolution, most or all of the genes resident in a given prokaryotic genome have been affected by LGT, yet the frequency of LGT can vary greatly across genes and across prokaryotic groups. The proteobacteria are among the most diverse of prokaryotic taxa. The prevalence of LGT in...

We compared the effect of three different exercise programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including strength training at 50_80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) (ST; N = 11), low-intensity general training (LGT; N = 13), or combined training groups (CT; N = 11). Body composition, muscle strength, treadmill endurance test (TEnd), 6-min walk test (6MWT), Saint George's Re...