<p><em>Building maintenance is an activity to maintain the reliability of building so that it remains functional following Regulation Minister Public Works No. 24 / PRT M 2008 concerning Building Maintenance Guidelines; includes architectural, structural, and mechanical maintenance. This problem must be considered during construction realize use structures fulfil requirements for ef...

Abstract In this study, a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is integrated within life cycle assessment (LCA) model to comprehensively evaluate the energy, environment, and economic impacts of Jatropha biodiesel production in China. The total energy consumption producing 1 ton 17566.16 MJ, which fertilizer utilization methanol consume 78.14% 18.65% overall consumption, respectively. emits number pollutants,...

The last few years have seen significant improvements in the concepts, methods and general approach to calculating costs. ABC, Target Costing, Strategic Cost Management, functional analysis and costing are mobilising attention. Regardless of which of these approaches we consider, it is always from the point of view of one player whose intention is to benefit from increased knowledge of costs in...

In an integrated aircraft design and analysis practice, Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is essential for decision making. The LCC of an aircraft is ordinarily partially estimated by emphasizing a specific cost type. However, an overview of the LCC including design and development cost, production cost, operating cost and disposal cost is not provided. This may produce biased cost estimates. Moreover, air...

There is an increasing awareness within the nuclear power industry of the need to perform detailed life cycle cost analyses (LCCA) to quantify the risks associated with investing in new equipment that is needed to improve plant capacity factors. In undertaking LCCA, there are three primary factors that need to be addressed: What are the considerations that go into performing life cycle cost ana...

Because of complexity and technology, the upfront costing of complex systems has become a tremendous challenge. We understand how to cost hardware and to a lesser extent software. However, we are still developing tools and processes for costing the integration and interfaces of complex systems. As we scale to larger and more complex systems, system-ofsystems (SoS), and enterprises our ability t...